고1 YBM 한상호 2과 본문 영어 변형문제

Cooperation in the Animal Kingdom

Darwin’s “survival of the fittest” is universally ____________ as a simple reality in the game of life.

Successful play sometimes ___________ a degree of selfishness.

However, across the animal kingdom, selfishness _______ only a very small part of an animal’s life.

Often, animals help each other and _________ together for the greater good.

Cooperation ___________ at every level of the animal kingdom.

In the following three examples, it is ____________ to see how animals cooperate to help each other.

ANTS

Have you ever ____________ ants marching in and out of their nest?

If so, it may have reminded you ________ a highway packed with cars.

But this ________________ is not appropriate.

Ants never get into a traffic jam, no matter how fast they move or how many of them ___________ the road.

This is ___________ their movements are based on cooperation.

When there are a few ants __________ in a single direction, some ants are likely to move slowly, some fast, and others even faster.

As their number increases, ____________, they communicate with each other so that they all move at the same speed.

The slow speed up __________ the fast and the superfast slow down.

There are times when ants leaving the nest for food ___________ other ants coming back with food on their backs.

When this ____________, the inbound ants, the ones carrying a burden, always have the right of way.

Outbound ants turn to get out of the way, while inbound ants continue in a __________ line.

This arrangement makes sense because it is more difficult for inbound ants to change direction __________ their heavy loads.

Following these rules and cooperating in this way, ants ___________ the traffic flow and make the delivery of food to the nest more efficient.

FISH

_________ also cooperate.

As everyone __________, big fish often eat little fish.

Sometimes, however, little fish help the big fish, ______ the big fish do not eat the little fish.

Tiny fish, which scientists refer to as “cleaners,” swim into the mouths of bigger fish, which ___________ to as “clients.”

The cleaners [/ ] parasites in the clients’ mouths.

After the cleaners do their job, the clients let them _________, instead of swallowing them.

The cleaners get a meal, ______ the clients get a healthier mouth.

Sometimes the cleaner fish ___________ on the wall of the client fish’s mouth.

_____________ this may cause pain, the big fish still do not eat the little ones for two reasons.

First, the cleaners are _______ small to satisfy their hunger.

Second, it is hard __________ good cleaners.

Once the cleaners and the clients establish trust, the clients want to cooperate with the cleaners and ________ them around.

BIRDS

Pied flycatchers are small birds that ____________ in dangerous situations.

When a predator enters a flycatcher’s area, the flycatcher makes a loud sound for __________.

Other flycatchers hear the call, and they __________ to help.

As more and more birds join the group, the predator becomes frightened and ________ away.

It is important to note that flycatchers go to the aid of another bird in danger only if _________ bird has helped other birds in the past.

They do not answer the calls of birds that have refused __________ others before.

Cooperation is a __________ that started with the first single-celled creatures.

Living things, from their beginnings more than three billion years ago, ________ over the planet by learning to cooperate.

We human beings cooperate in plenty of ways, from lining up at a bus stop to __________ knowledge on a website.

Sometimes, however, human cooperation can ___________ down.

To ___________ cooperative success among humans, we should perhaps look to nature for inspiration.