2025년 10월 고2 모의고사 변형문제 (31-42번)

Statistics ____ the twentieth century became the systematic collection of quantitative information needed by the state.

This process occurred in all the industrialised countries as a key part of ____ becoming modern states.

Desrosieres writes: "It is difficult to think simultaneously that the objects being measured really do exist and that this ____ only a convention".

Yet this is ____ case.

Phenomena such as prices being charged and products being sold exist, but the categories and ____ frameworks supporting the collection, aggregation, and organisation of official statistics are devised to serve the purposes of the state, for macroeconomic or for social policies.

Theodore Porter described the use of statistics to create state authority: "Quantification is a way of making decisions without seeming to decide", characterising it as a "social technology" intended to build trust in ____

Just as an expert in the taste and colour of wine will gain much by being aware of the chemistry that underlies those qualities, so each perspective on the ____ can potentially enhance the others.

And yet every scientific tool, from microscopes to mathematics, and every aspect of the body, from the brain to the microorganism, requires such depth of expertise that this tends not to happen: we tend to study the human body in silos, each community ____ from the others by its own specialised vocabulary.

Research communities may ____ dedicated to one type of scientific tool or a specific component of the body, such as one type of cell.

How different types of cell communicate with ____ another becomes its own specialist topic.

Even simple forms of life on Earth are now ____ studied as a whole, and the human body is evidently much more complex.

As long ago as 1890, The Times newspaper commented that knowledge 'had already become ____ vast to be manageable'.

____ nobody is an expert in the whole of anything.

Historically, ____ weren't just homes; they were carefully constructed stages designed to impress and intimidate.

While stone symbolized permanence and strength, glass offered something equally powerful: ____

The introduction of large windows in palaces allowed rulers to literally look down upon their subjects, emphasizing their ____ position.

Conversely, it also allowed subjects to gaze up ____ their leaders, creating a sense of awe and distance.

Consider the Palace of Versailles: its Hall of Mirrors, lined with reflective surfaces, not only magnified the grandeur of the space but also placed the king at the center of ____ dazzling display, reinforcing his absolute authority.

The use of glass ____ palaces wasn't merely aesthetic; it was strategic.

Open sightlines allowed for better surveillance and control, ensuring the ____ and security of the ruling family.

Courtiers and visitors were constantly aware of being observed, contributing ____ an atmosphere of careful obedience and respect.

The very architecture ____ social behavior, with glass acting as a silent enforcer of the power dynamic.

As a political researcher in Germany, Noelle­Neumann observed that during election campaigns, certain views seemed to get ____ play than others, and sometimes people muted their opinions rather than talking about them, especially if those opinions were perceived to be unpopular.

____ calls this the spiral of silence.

The spiral of silence occurs ____ individuals who perceive that their opinions are popular express them, whereas those who do not think their opinions are popular remain quiet.

This process occurs in a spiral, so that one side of an ____ ends up with considerable publicity and the other side with very little.

In everyday ____ people express their opinions in a variety of ways:

they talk about them, they wear buttons, they put bumper stickers on their ____ and they post their views on social media.

According to this theory, people are more apt to do these kinds of things when they perceive that others ____ their opinions.

Consider units of measure, ____ kind of descriptive device we are familiar with using in physics.

Spatial distances can be given in terms ____ feet or meters or some other unit, and the physics will be the same regardless.

We conclude from this that physics does not prefer one unit of length over any other, and we may choose any one ____ like for reasons of convenience.

We further conclude that any feature depending on that choice, such as the particular numerical value assigned to the spatial separation between two locations, is not out there in the world ____ from a choice of unit.

Temperatures can likewise ____ given in terms of the Fahrenheit or Celsius or Kelvin scale, and nothing in the physics changes when we switch from one scale to another.

We conclude that the choice of scale is an arbitrary choice in description, and ____ any feature that depends on that choice is scale-dependent.

Even though sea ____ live in it, they still need to take in water for their bodies to function properly.

They just need to get rid of any extra salt it might ____ with it.

Salt absorbs water ____ a sponge.

If you put a tiny mountain of salt on a ____ plate, then add enough water to the side, making sure an edge touches the salt, the salt will absorb the water.

Now you have a ____ of wet salt. Notice that it has increased in size.

The same ____ applies to sea creatures.

If the body fluids in a sea animal are saltier than the seawater it ____ in, then the extra salt in the creature's body will absorb seawater.

This can ____ them to swell up.

On the other hand, if the amount of salt in the seawater is higher than the amount of salt in the body ____ of a sea animal, the extra salt in the water will draw fluids out of the creature's body, causing it to dehydrate and shrink.

Distinguishing moths from butterflies on outward appearance is not always easy, but there are ____ few rules of thumb that can help.

In most butterflies the antennae end with a small club-shaped swelling, whereas in moths they are usually ____ or narrow to a fine tip.

Butterflies tend to rest with their wings held shut above their body, whereas moths more usually rest with the upper sides of the wings on ____ view.

Further distinctions can be made by looking for a ____ hook that joins fore- and hindwings, a feature only present in moths.

The stereotypical differences, with moths cast as the gloomy, nocturnal cousins of colourful sun-loving butterflies ____ simply wrong.

There are many brightly ____ moths and many which are active throughout the day.

Equally, there ____ a few nocturnal butterflies and plenty that come clothed in shades of brown and grey.

It's more sensible to think of them together; both butterflies and moths are beautiful and ____ insects.

There are numerous ways wildlife is managed, ____ they all imply stewardship and can be classified into two broad categories: active management and inactive management.

Active management does something to the population ____ such as increasing or decreasing its size ― in a direct manner through strategies like trans-locations or hunting, respectively.

Populations can also be actively managed by altering the habitat to the ____ or disadvantage of a population.

If population numbers are too low for the goal of management agencies, other active management can be incorporated, such as predator control to minimize neonatal deaths ____ habitat improvement to provide required cover for neonates from predators.

These ____ represent active approaches to management.

Other populations may not be actively managed, like those in national ____

In such situations, management activities minimize external influences on populations and habitat, which ____ involves management of humans and not animals.

Waste ____ historically been seen as a necessary driver of the economy.

Sales are tied to the amount of a product supplied, which is directly dependent on ____ demand for that product.

Therefore, if you design the product to eventually be wasted, you can ensure that the demand for more products ____ be sustained.

Many strategies have been incorporated into product design and use to ensure that waste is inevitable, such as planned obsolescence, limited access to tools for repairs, and use ____ cheap materials.

All these ____ ensure that the consumer will have limited access to the product in use and will eventually require a replacement.

Those who supported the idea that waste is necessary to drive demand failed to realize that prioritizing the elimination of waste via repair and remanufacturing creates a different ____ of demand: products as a service.

____ this setup, companies simply lease out products that were once sold directly to the customer.

With this transition of ownership, companies maintain ____ by offering maintenance and repair services and are encouraged to develop long-lasting products.

Viewing time as a ____ and consistent product cemented artificial views on time into our psyche, but every now and again we are forced to acknowledge this mistake.

____ twenty-six occasions in the last fifty years, a second has been added to everyone's day to adjust for the Earth wobbling and the rate of its spin changing.

For instance, when El Nino, ____ climatic system in the Pacific, causes wind speed to change dramatically, it can slow the rotation of the Earth slightly.

Indeed, the Earth's spin is generally slowing because the moon's gravity is acting as a ____ so days are getting longer by about 1.7 milliseconds per century.

Such events disturb ____ similarity between man-made time and more flexible time based on the Earth's naturally occurring rotation.

When events like ____ happen, a bunch of humans make the decision to add a small slice of time to your day, without your knowledge.

We try to force our fixed, man-made view of time on to ____ in the false hope that it will yield. It doesn't.

Humans, who have long viewed that time is ____ have continuously made modifications, sticking to their belief that their efforts can eliminate the gap between man-made time and natural time.

____ your hand is hanging at your side and then you lift it, opposing muscles on your upper arm shorten and lengthen ― contract and relax ― to bend the elbow.

Biceps ____ and triceps relax.

Reversing the motion, when you ____ your hand back down, muscles reverse roles.

Triceps ____ and biceps relax.

Lift your hand or ____ it, and muscle shows what it is: a system of coordination, managed by orchestrated tension.

As arms and legs rotate ____ joints, muscles activate and deactivate, contract and relax.

All physical activity is paradoxical, in ____ sense: Movement depends on what muscles don't do, as much as it depends on what they do.

Both are necessary, each in its time ― and the same is true of each side of the pairs of concepts shaping how we talk of ____

Start with nature versus nurture: Some people are stronger ____ more muscular than others; is the difference inborn, or does it depend on what people do?

To the latter question: What do ____ do?

Do you have to lift weights, or is ____ enough exercise?

How should ____ do the exercise?

Should you ____ fast or slowly?

Lift heavy weights ____ lighter ones?

Put like that, basic questions about ____ may sound like they have one right answer.

Oppositions ____ polarize.

But where muscle is concerned, ____ oppositions are true polarities.

Look closely, and ____ prove to be paradoxes.

____ and made, heavy and light, fast and slow: Those opposites actually require each other.