2025년 10월 고2 모의고사 변형문제 (31-42번)

Statistics in the twentieth century became the systematic ____ of quantitative information needed by the state.

This process occurred in all the industrialised countries as a key part of their ____ modern states.

Desrosieres writes: "It is difficult to ____ simultaneously that the objects being measured really do exist and that this is only a convention".

____ this is the case.

Phenomena such as prices being charged and products being sold exist, but the categories and classification frameworks supporting the collection, aggregation, and organisation of official statistics are devised to serve the purposes of the state, for ____ or for social policies.

Theodore Porter described the use of statistics to create state authority: "Quantification is a way of making decisions without seeming to decide", ____ it as a "social technology" intended to build trust in authority.

____ as an expert in the taste and colour of wine will gain much by being aware of the chemistry that underlies those qualities, so each perspective on the body can potentially enhance the others.

And yet every scientific tool, from ____ to mathematics, and every aspect of the body, from the brain to the microorganism, requires such depth of expertise that this tends not to happen: we tend to study the human body in silos, each community sectioned from the others by its own specialised vocabulary.

Research communities may be ____ to one type of scientific tool or a specific component of the body, such as one type of cell.

How different types of cell ____ with one another becomes its own specialist topic.

Even simple forms of life on Earth are now rarely studied as a whole, and the human ____ is evidently much more complex.

As long ago as 1890, The Times ____ commented that knowledge 'had already become too vast to be manageable'.

Today, nobody is an ____ in the whole of anything.

Historically, palaces weren't just homes; they were carefully constructed ____ designed to impress and intimidate.

While stone symbolized permanence and strength, glass offered something ____ powerful: visibility.

The introduction of ____ windows in palaces allowed rulers to literally look down upon their subjects, emphasizing their elevated position.

Conversely, it also allowed ____ to gaze up at their leaders, creating a sense of awe and distance.

Consider the Palace of Versailles: its Hall of Mirrors, lined with ____ surfaces, not only magnified the grandeur of the space but also placed the king at the center of a dazzling display, reinforcing his absolute authority.

The use of glass in ____ wasn't merely aesthetic; it was strategic.

Open sightlines allowed for better surveillance and control, ensuring the safety and security of the ruling ____.

Courtiers and ____ were constantly aware of being observed, contributing to an atmosphere of careful obedience and respect.

The very architecture dictated social behavior, with glass acting as a silent enforcer of the ____ dynamic.

As a political researcher in Germany, Noelle­Neumann observed that during election campaigns, certain views seemed to get more ____ than others, and sometimes people muted their opinions rather than talking about them, especially if those opinions were perceived to be unpopular.

Noelle­Neumann ____ this the spiral of silence.

The spiral of silence occurs when individuals who perceive that their opinions are popular express them, whereas those ____ do not think their opinions are popular remain quiet.

This process occurs in a spiral, so that one ____ of an issue ends up with considerable publicity and the other side with very little.

In ____ life, people express their opinions in a variety of ways:

they talk about them, they wear buttons, they ____ bumper stickers on their cars, and they post their views on social media.

According to this theory, people are more apt to do these kinds of things ____ they perceive that others share their opinions.

Consider units of measure, one kind of descriptive device we are familiar with using in ____.

Spatial distances can be given in terms of feet or meters or some other unit, and the physics will be the same ____.

We ____ from this that physics does not prefer one unit of length over any other, and we may choose any one we like for reasons of convenience.

We further conclude that any feature depending on that choice, such as the particular numerical value assigned to the spatial separation between two ____, is not out there in the world apart from a choice of unit.

Temperatures can likewise be given in ____ of the Fahrenheit or Celsius or Kelvin scale, and nothing in the physics changes when we switch from one scale to another.

We conclude that the choice of scale is an ____ choice in description, and that any feature that depends on that choice is scale-dependent.

Even though sea creatures live in it, they still need to take in water for their bodies to ____ properly.

They ____ need to get rid of any extra salt it might bring with it.

Salt absorbs water like a ____.

If you put a tiny mountain of salt on a small plate, then add enough water to the side, making sure an edge touches the salt, the salt will absorb the ____.

____ you have a pile of wet salt. Notice that it has increased in size.

The same principle applies to sea ____.

If the ____ fluids in a sea animal are saltier than the seawater it lives in, then the extra salt in the creature's body will absorb seawater.

This can cause ____ to swell up.

On the ____ hand, if the amount of salt in the seawater is higher than the amount of salt in the body fluids of a sea animal, the extra salt in the water will draw fluids out of the creature's body, causing it to dehydrate and shrink.

Distinguishing moths from ____ on outward appearance is not always easy, but there are a few rules of thumb that can help.

In most butterflies the antennae end with a small club-shaped swelling, whereas in moths they are usually ____ or narrow to a fine tip.

Butterflies tend to rest with their wings held shut above their body, whereas ____ more usually rest with the upper sides of the wings on full view.

Further distinctions can be made by looking for a tiny hook that joins fore- and hindwings, a feature only present in ____.

The stereotypical differences, with ____ cast as the gloomy, nocturnal cousins of colourful sun-loving butterflies are simply wrong.

There are many brightly coloured moths and many which are active ____ the day.

Equally, there are a ____ nocturnal butterflies and plenty that come clothed in shades of brown and grey.

____ more sensible to think of them together; both butterflies and moths are beautiful and fascinating insects.

There are numerous ways wildlife is managed, but they all imply stewardship and can be ____ into two broad categories: active management and inactive management.

Active management does something to the population ― such as increasing or decreasing ____ size ― in a direct manner through strategies like trans-locations or hunting, respectively.

Populations ____ also be actively managed by altering the habitat to the benefit or disadvantage of a population.

If population numbers are too low for the goal of management agencies, other active management can be incorporated, such as predator control to minimize neonatal deaths or habitat improvement to provide required cover for neonates from ____.

These efforts represent active ____ to management.

Other populations may not be actively managed, ____ those in national parks.

In such situations, management activities minimize external influences on ____ and habitat, which often involves management of humans and not animals.

Waste has historically been ____ as a necessary driver of the economy.

Sales are tied to the amount of a product supplied, which is directly ____ on the demand for that product.

Therefore, if you design the product to eventually be wasted, you can ensure that the demand for more products ____ be sustained.

Many ____ have been incorporated into product design and use to ensure that waste is inevitable, such as planned obsolescence, limited access to tools for repairs, and use of cheap materials.

All these strategies ensure that the consumer ____ have limited access to the product in use and will eventually require a replacement.

Those who supported the idea that waste is necessary to drive demand failed to realize that prioritizing the elimination of waste via repair and remanufacturing creates a different kind of demand: products as a ____.

Through this setup, companies simply lease out products that were once ____ directly to the customer.

With this transition of ownership, ____ maintain profit by offering maintenance and repair services and are encouraged to develop long-lasting products.

Viewing time as a purchasable and consistent product cemented artificial views on time into our psyche, but every ____ and again we are forced to acknowledge this mistake.

On ____ occasions in the last fifty years, a second has been added to everyone's day to adjust for the Earth wobbling and the rate of its spin changing.

For instance, when El Nino, a climatic system in the Pacific, causes wind speed to change dramatically, it can ____ the rotation of the Earth slightly.

Indeed, the Earth's ____ is generally slowing because the moon's gravity is acting as a drag, so days are getting longer by about 1.7 milliseconds per century.

Such events ____ the similarity between man-made time and more flexible time based on the Earth's naturally occurring rotation.

When events like this happen, a ____ of humans make the decision to add a small slice of time to your day, without your knowledge.

We try to ____ our fixed, man-made view of time on to nature in the false hope that it will yield. It doesn't.

Humans, who have long viewed that time is stable, have continuously made modifications, sticking to their belief that their efforts can ____ the gap between man-made time and natural time.

When your hand is hanging at your side and then you lift it, opposing muscles on your upper arm shorten and lengthen ― contract and relax ― to ____ the elbow.

Biceps ____, and triceps relax.

Reversing the motion, when you drop your hand back down, ____ reverse roles.

____ contract, and biceps relax.

Lift your ____ or drop it, and muscle shows what it is: a system of coordination, managed by orchestrated tension.

As arms and legs rotate around ____, muscles activate and deactivate, contract and relax.

All physical activity is ____, in this sense: Movement depends on what muscles don't do, as much as it depends on what they do.

Both are necessary, each in its time ― and the same is ____ of each side of the pairs of concepts shaping how we talk of muscles.

Start with nature versus nurture: Some people are stronger or more muscular than others; is the difference inborn, or ____ it depend on what people do?

To the latter question: What do ____ do?

Do you have to lift weights, or is ____ enough exercise?

How should you do the ____?

Should you ____ fast or slowly?

Lift heavy ____ or lighter ones?

Put like that, basic ____ about muscle may sound like they have one right answer.

Oppositions ____ polarize.

But where ____ is concerned, few oppositions are true polarities.

Look closely, and most prove to be ____.

Born and made, ____ and light, fast and slow: Those opposites actually require each other.