2025년 10월 고2 모의고사 변형문제 (31-42번)

Statistics in the twentieth century became the systematic collection of quantitative information needed by the ____.

This process occurred in all the industrialised ____ as a key part of their becoming modern states.

Desrosieres writes: "It is difficult to think simultaneously that the objects being ____ really do exist and that this is only a convention".

Yet this is the ____.

Phenomena such as prices being ____ and products being sold exist, but the categories and classification frameworks supporting the collection, aggregation, and organisation of official statistics are devised to serve the purposes of the state, for macroeconomic or for social policies.

Theodore Porter described the use of ____ to create state authority: "Quantification is a way of making decisions without seeming to decide", characterising it as a "social technology" intended to build trust in authority.

Just as an expert in the taste and colour of wine will gain much by being aware of the chemistry that ____ those qualities, so each perspective on the body can potentially enhance the others.

And yet every scientific tool, from microscopes to mathematics, and every ____ of the body, from the brain to the microorganism, requires such depth of expertise that this tends not to happen: we tend to study the human body in silos, each community sectioned from the others by its own specialised vocabulary.

Research communities ____ be dedicated to one type of scientific tool or a specific component of the body, such as one type of cell.

How different types of cell communicate with one another becomes its own ____ topic.

Even simple forms of life on Earth are now rarely studied as a whole, and the ____ body is evidently much more complex.

As long ago as 1890, The ____ newspaper commented that knowledge 'had already become too vast to be manageable'.

Today, nobody is an ____ in the whole of anything.

Historically, palaces weren't just homes; they were ____ constructed stages designed to impress and intimidate.

____ stone symbolized permanence and strength, glass offered something equally powerful: visibility.

The introduction of large windows in palaces allowed rulers to literally look down upon their ____, emphasizing their elevated position.

Conversely, it also ____ subjects to gaze up at their leaders, creating a sense of awe and distance.

Consider the Palace of Versailles: its Hall of Mirrors, lined with reflective surfaces, not only magnified the grandeur of the space but also placed the king at the ____ of a dazzling display, reinforcing his absolute authority.

The use of glass in palaces wasn't ____ aesthetic; it was strategic.

Open sightlines allowed for better ____ and control, ensuring the safety and security of the ruling family.

Courtiers and visitors were constantly aware of being observed, contributing to an atmosphere of careful obedience and ____.

The very architecture dictated social behavior, with glass acting as a silent enforcer of the ____ dynamic.

As a political researcher in Germany, ____ observed that during election campaigns, certain views seemed to get more play than others, and sometimes people muted their opinions rather than talking about them, especially if those opinions were perceived to be unpopular.

Noelle­Neumann calls this the ____ of silence.

The spiral of silence occurs when individuals who perceive that their opinions are popular express them, ____ those who do not think their opinions are popular remain quiet.

This process occurs in a spiral, so that one side of an issue ends up with considerable ____ and the other side with very little.

In everyday ____, people express their opinions in a variety of ways:

they talk about them, they wear buttons, they put ____ stickers on their cars, and they post their views on social media.

____ to this theory, people are more apt to do these kinds of things when they perceive that others share their opinions.

Consider units of measure, one kind of ____ device we are familiar with using in physics.

Spatial distances can be ____ in terms of feet or meters or some other unit, and the physics will be the same regardless.

We conclude from this that physics does ____ prefer one unit of length over any other, and we may choose any one we like for reasons of convenience.

We further conclude that any feature depending on that choice, such as the particular numerical value ____ to the spatial separation between two locations, is not out there in the world apart from a choice of unit.

Temperatures can likewise be given in terms of the Fahrenheit or Celsius or Kelvin scale, and nothing in the physics changes when we switch ____ one scale to another.

We conclude that the choice of scale is an arbitrary choice in description, and that ____ feature that depends on that choice is scale-dependent.

Even though sea creatures ____ in it, they still need to take in water for their bodies to function properly.

They just ____ to get rid of any extra salt it might bring with it.

Salt absorbs water like a ____.

If you put a tiny mountain of salt on a small plate, ____ add enough water to the side, making sure an edge touches the salt, the salt will absorb the water.

Now you have a pile of wet salt. Notice that it has ____ in size.

The same principle applies to sea ____.

If the body fluids in a sea animal are ____ than the seawater it lives in, then the extra salt in the creature's body will absorb seawater.

This can ____ them to swell up.

On the other hand, if the amount of ____ in the seawater is higher than the amount of salt in the body fluids of a sea animal, the extra salt in the water will draw fluids out of the creature's body, causing it to dehydrate and shrink.

Distinguishing ____ from butterflies on outward appearance is not always easy, but there are a few rules of thumb that can help.

In most butterflies the antennae end with a ____ club-shaped swelling, whereas in moths they are usually feathery or narrow to a fine tip.

____ tend to rest with their wings held shut above their body, whereas moths more usually rest with the upper sides of the wings on full view.

Further ____ can be made by looking for a tiny hook that joins fore- and hindwings, a feature only present in moths.

The stereotypical differences, with moths ____ as the gloomy, nocturnal cousins of colourful sun-loving butterflies are simply wrong.

There are many ____ coloured moths and many which are active throughout the day.

Equally, there are a few nocturnal butterflies and plenty that come clothed in shades of brown and ____.

It's more ____ to think of them together; both butterflies and moths are beautiful and fascinating insects.

There are numerous ways wildlife is managed, but they all imply stewardship and can be classified into two broad ____: active management and inactive management.

Active management ____ something to the population ― such as increasing or decreasing its size ― in a direct manner through strategies like trans-locations or hunting, respectively.

Populations can also be actively ____ by altering the habitat to the benefit or disadvantage of a population.

If population numbers are too low for the goal of management agencies, other active management can be incorporated, such as predator control to ____ neonatal deaths or habitat improvement to provide required cover for neonates from predators.

These ____ represent active approaches to management.

Other populations may not be ____ managed, like those in national parks.

In such situations, management activities minimize external ____ on populations and habitat, which often involves management of humans and not animals.

Waste has historically been seen as a ____ driver of the economy.

Sales are tied to the amount of a product supplied, which is directly ____ on the demand for that product.

____, if you design the product to eventually be wasted, you can ensure that the demand for more products will be sustained.

Many strategies have been incorporated ____ product design and use to ensure that waste is inevitable, such as planned obsolescence, limited access to tools for repairs, and use of cheap materials.

All these strategies ensure that the consumer will ____ limited access to the product in use and will eventually require a replacement.

Those who supported the idea that waste is necessary to drive demand ____ to realize that prioritizing the elimination of waste via repair and remanufacturing creates a different kind of demand: products as a service.

Through this setup, ____ simply lease out products that were once sold directly to the customer.

With this transition of ownership, companies maintain profit by ____ maintenance and repair services and are encouraged to develop long-lasting products.

Viewing time as a purchasable and consistent product cemented artificial views on time into our psyche, but every now and ____ we are forced to acknowledge this mistake.

On twenty-six occasions in the last fifty years, a second has been added to everyone's day to adjust for the Earth wobbling and the rate of ____ spin changing.

For instance, when El Nino, a climatic system in the Pacific, causes wind speed to change dramatically, it can ____ the rotation of the Earth slightly.

Indeed, the Earth's spin is generally slowing because the moon's gravity is acting as a drag, so days are getting longer by ____ 1.7 milliseconds per century.

Such events disturb the ____ between man-made time and more flexible time based on the Earth's naturally occurring rotation.

When events like this happen, a bunch of ____ make the decision to add a small slice of time to your day, without your knowledge.

We try to force our fixed, man-made view of time on to nature in the false hope that it will ____. It doesn't.

Humans, who have long viewed that time is stable, have continuously made modifications, sticking to their belief that their efforts can eliminate the gap between man-made time and natural ____.

When your hand is hanging at your side and then you lift it, opposing muscles on your ____ arm shorten and lengthen ― contract and relax ― to bend the elbow.

Biceps contract, and triceps ____.

Reversing the motion, when you drop your hand back ____, muscles reverse roles.

Triceps ____, and biceps relax.

Lift your hand or drop it, and muscle ____ what it is: a system of coordination, managed by orchestrated tension.

As arms and legs rotate around joints, muscles activate and ____, contract and relax.

All physical activity is paradoxical, in this sense: Movement depends on what muscles ____ do, as much as it depends on what they do.

Both are necessary, each in its time ― and the same is ____ of each side of the pairs of concepts shaping how we talk of muscles.

Start with nature versus nurture: Some people are stronger or more muscular ____ others; is the difference inborn, or does it depend on what people do?

To the latter ____: What do you do?

Do you have to lift weights, or is ____ enough exercise?

How ____ you do the exercise?

____ you move fast or slowly?

Lift heavy ____ or lighter ones?

____ like that, basic questions about muscle may sound like they have one right answer.

Oppositions can ____.

But where muscle is concerned, ____ oppositions are true polarities.

Look closely, and most prove to be ____.

Born and ____, heavy and light, fast and slow: Those opposites actually require each other.