25년 3월 고3 모의고사 영어 변형문제 (31~42번)

____ is insecure and human well-being is fragile.

If we are honest with ourselves, ____ realize that, despite our best efforts, we often cannot control the vicissitudes of human existence.

We go through life in fear and trembling, fearing what ____ happen, while hoping for the best.

Most of us get ____ in the face of an indeterminate or ambiguous situation.

We don't handle uncertainty very ____

We are easily tempted to settle for quick "solutions," ____ order to eliminate our anxiety and doubt, even though these quick fixes may not, in the long run, actually be adequate solutions.

It is natural, therefore, and even ____ necessary, for us to seek stability in a sea of change and indeterminacy.

We want ____ fixed star to guide us on our journey through hazardous waters.

If only ____ could have knowledge of what is fixed, unchanging, and ultimately reliable, then, we assume, that would be knowledge most worth having.

In one of the most famous passages of Being and Nothingness, "The Look," Jean-Paul Sartre describes the peculiar vulnerability that develops when someone goes ____ seeing (being a self with a perspective on the world) to being seen (having to confront the perspective of another on one's self).

He illustrates ____ with the example of someone looking through a keyhole who suddenly finds himself caught by someone watching him.

____ look of the other is always unnerving, Sartre argues, not only because we momentarily recognize ourselves in it through our imagination of their judgment of us but also because we don't.

We can always step back, challenge our perception of others' perceptions of ourselves, or explain them away ─ but we don't know what these perceptions really ____

Others have the distinctive power of ____ us feel judged in ways we cannot fully control.

Social life is all about the fear that accompanies our awareness that ____ can never access what the other sees. We can only guess.

Perceived distance of objects that are far away from the observer is often assumed to be subject to some global limitation in the sense that the moon, the stars, and the sun are all perceived at ____ "sky": that is, at about the same distance.

This observation is related to the idea that visual space is ____ open but ends at visible surfaces or, indeed, the sky.

Uexkull and Kriszat (1934) suggested that ____ is realized as a hard limit, which they call the "farthest plane."

If an observed person or object would walk ____ this farthest plane, it would no longer be perceived as moving further away, but rather as shrinking in size.

This observation is actually quite common; if looking down from a high tower, for example, cars or even houses on the ground below may appear as if they were toys: that is, shrunk, presumably because they are perceived at the distance of the farthest plane ____ subtending a visual angle that corresponds to a larger distance.

The farthest plane would thus mark the limit of the perception of size ____

In both the arts and the sciences, an aesthetics of simplicity facilitates the precise communication ____ messages.

____ are also fairly systematic.

Although many people believe that art is by definition wild and intuitive, while ____ science is methodologically disciplined, there is a great deal of evidence ─ including from artists talking about their own practices ─ to suggest that art is often created methodically and systematically, and that frameworks and forms permit creativity to flow.

Instead of ____ liberating, freedom without limits is almost paralysing, because without frameworks we end up in a vacuum in which our actions generate no response.

As ____ Danish poet and filmmaker Jorgen Leth has put it many times, 'the rules of the game' are a prerequisite for artistic freedom.

They provide a solid form or structure that enables the artist to make use of 'the gifts of chance' (to use Leth's expression), and in which a part of the world can ____ exhibited in a non-chaotic manner.

In order to create beauty, the artist ____ restrict himor herself.

____ storage and transmission require humans to accomplish the work of storing knowledge and passing it on to the next generation by means other than DNA.

To that end, humans developed techniques of memorization, of ____ knowledge through education and by using external memory devices.

The Chauvet cave was such a device, a place that humans returned to generation after generation, cooperating on a project that none of them could have accomplished ____

Each generation of artists learned techniques and ____ the work of previous ones, preserving and improving what their predecessors had worked on.

For us, the idea that ____ might work on a single system of caves for thousands of years in the same style is almost unimaginable.

But these early humans were highly conscious of the importance of storing and preserving ____ and of passing down ideas.

What would ____ language be like if it didn't make any simplifications or generalizations?

It would be a language in which every word ____ a proper noun.

Because you don't want to gloss over the differences between snakes that are slightly ____ in some respect, every snake must have its own name.

Furthermore, every event ____ have its own verb, because not every occasion of thinking or dancing or talking is identical.

There might be some superintelligent race of beings that could know such a language, but they would have to know virtually everything in the ____ to learn all these names.

Human language has taken a different route ─ ____ fewer names, with a loss of precision, but a basic vocabulary that is readily acquired.

However, ____ fact is not simply a compromise with our limited cognitive capacity.

____ using the same word for different objects, we're communicating information about those things.

Calling two different-looking things "spider" communicates that they probably have eight legs, weave nests, eat insects, and other noticeable details, which we would not know if we gave them all their ____ separate names.

Self-regulation has been suggested as an alternative way to hold the tech industry ____ account.

But when tech lobbyists speak of self-regulation, they are not describing it as it ____ understood by professionals like doctors.

Unlike in medicine, there are no mandatory ethical qualifications for working as a software engineer ____ technology executive.

There is no enforceable ____ code of conduct.

There is no obligatory ____

There is no duty to put the ____ ahead of profit.

There are few ____ for serious moral failings; no real fear of being suspended or struck off.

Recent years have seen an explosion of AI ____ charters and the like, filled with well-meaning generalities about the responsible use of powerful computers.

But without consequences for violating them, these ____ are just toothless statements of aspiration.

The tech industry ____ basically saying: trust us.

But blind ____ is not how we govern doctors, lawyers, bankers, pilots or anyone else in unelected positions of social responsibility.

Tech is the ____ and it's not clear why.

We experience ____ as different bodily sensations, such as a beating heart and sweaty palms; we recognize emotions in others by their facial expressions and behaviour.

One prominent idea is that we are born with a ____ set of basic emotions that are universal within our species, notably happiness, sadness, fear, surprise, disgust and anger.

Just as ____ attach the word gravity to our intuitive understanding about how objects move through space, we simply attach words to each of these innate and universal emotions once those words become available.

An alternative view ____ that we make sense of the sensations we feel and the facial expressions we see only when we attach words to them ─ we develop rather than inherit our emotional concepts.

Key evidence is that children ____ unable to categorise facial expressions as representing different emotions until they have acquired a lexicon of words for emotions.

Before having such words, faces that we might view as angry, sad or fearful are all categorised ____ as 'unpleasant'.

By ____ the words for different types of emotions while experiencing sensations or observing their expressions in others, we develop a set of concepts into which those feelings can be placed.

Everyone likes to think of themselves as behaving in an unbiased fashion most ____ the time.

We all view ourselves similar to the blindfolded statue of Lady Justice evaluating competing claims without bias, emotions, ____ motivations.

And yet, overwhelming psychological research suggests that such unbiased rationality ____ actually a fairly elusive quality in humans.

____ of the time people are on automatic pilot.

In other words, individuals are acting without ____ more often than they are thinking carefully and deliberately.

The rest of the time, even as individuals are trying their best to think through issues, motivational ____ may bias their thought processes and bias their reasoning.

Ziva Kunda, who coined the term "motivated reasoning" to describe this phenomenon, ____ that although individuals try to make well-thought-out decisions, use available evidence, and look at both sides of an issue, the process is often tainted by motivations that may be unknown to them.

Individuals' motivations may direct them ____ attend more carefully to some information while ignoring other relevant facts.

Or they may use different strategies to evaluate information they prefer to be correct while at the same time ____ hypercritical of flaws in information they prefer to be wrong.

It may be assumed that meta-algorithmics, that is, the creation of algorithms ____ generate other algorithms, is a human creation as well.

A human programmer must have composed the first algorithm that, in turn, generates new algorithms and as such the initial ____ must be in control of the original idea.

However, this is not necessarily ____

Unlike humanly conceived ideas, where the author is the intellectual owner of the idea, algorithms are processes that define, ____ and implement a series of actions that in turn produce other actions.

During the transfer of actions it is possible for a discrepancy to occur between the original intention ____ the actual result.

If that happens then, by definition, the author of the algorithm is not in control ____ and therefore does not own intellectually from that point on, the resulting process.

Theoretically, ownership of an idea is ____ connected to the predictability of its outcome, that is, to its intellectual control.

Therefore, in the absence of human control the ownership of the algorithmic process must be instead credited to the ____ that produced it, that is, to the computer.

The new notion of intellectual ownership is created by metaalgorithmics, as algorithms can ____ outcomes that are unpredictable to human programmers, attributing potentially ownership to the computer itself.

Translating a literary text is challenging, and it's often said there ____ be an inevitable loss in translation.

But that challenge frequently inspires creative re-renderings ____ offer the prospect of a gain in translation as well.

A washingmachine manual doesn't present the same challenges, nor therefore does it ____ the same creativity either.

____ where, in terms of the opposition between literary and nonliterary language, might we position philosophy's language?

Might philosophy want to ____ a translatory economy that aims for a gain in translation but risks a loss?

Philosophy wishes to convey its truths intact, without loss ─ and without gain either, or at least it might hesitate to ____ its truths to translation without further clarification of what a gain, and indeed a gain in depth, actually means.

It cannot be a matter of ____ "stylistic losses."

The loss philosophy fears ____ a loss of meaning, the compromising of a truth.

Thus, philosophy might prefer to be placed on the ____ of nonliterary language, and express itself in unstylish language, like Badiou's mathematical writing, so that no translator is prompted to rude and bold acts of creative rewriting.

If philosophy wishes to increase its range and avoid being restricted to a national or regional tradition, it needs a translation model that conveys philosophical truths ____ the world without any "economic" fluctuations of loss and gain.