25년 3월 고3 모의고사 영어 변형문제 (31~42번)

Life is ____ and human well-being is fragile.

If we are honest with ourselves, we realize that, despite our best efforts, we often cannot ____ the vicissitudes of human existence.

We go through life in fear and trembling, ____ what may happen, while hoping for the best.

Most of us get anxious in the face of an ____ or ambiguous situation.

We don't handle ____ very well.

We are easily tempted to settle for quick "solutions," in order to eliminate our ____ and doubt, even though these quick fixes may not, in the long run, actually be adequate solutions.

It is natural, therefore, and even somewhat necessary, for us to seek stability in a sea of ____ and indeterminacy.

We ____ a fixed star to guide us on our journey through hazardous waters.

If only we could have knowledge of what is fixed, unchanging, and ultimately reliable, then, we assume, that would be ____ most worth having.

In ____ of the most famous passages of Being and Nothingness, "The Look," Jean-Paul Sartre describes the peculiar vulnerability that develops when someone goes from seeing (being a self with a perspective on the world) to being seen (having to confront the perspective of another on one's self).

He illustrates it with the example of someone looking through a keyhole who suddenly ____ himself caught by someone watching him.

The look of the other is always unnerving, Sartre argues, not only because we momentarily ____ ourselves in it through our imagination of their judgment of us but also because we don't.

We can always step back, challenge our perception of ____' perceptions of ourselves, or explain them away ─ but we don't know what these perceptions really are.

Others have the distinctive power of making us feel judged in ways we cannot ____ control.

Social life is all about the fear that accompanies our awareness that we can never access what the ____ sees. We can only guess.

Perceived distance of objects that are far away from the observer is often assumed to be subject to some global limitation in the sense that the moon, the stars, and the sun are all perceived at the "sky": that is, at about the same ____.

This observation is related to the idea that visual space is not open but ends at visible surfaces or, indeed, the ____.

Uexkull and Kriszat (1934) suggested that this is realized as a hard limit, which they ____ the "farthest plane."

If an ____ person or object would walk beyond this farthest plane, it would no longer be perceived as moving further away, but rather as shrinking in size.

This observation is actually quite common; if looking down from a high tower, for example, cars or even houses on the ground below may appear as if they were toys: that is, shrunk, presumably because they are ____ at the distance of the farthest plane while subtending a visual angle that corresponds to a larger distance.

The farthest plane ____ thus mark the limit of the perception of size constancy.

In both the arts and the sciences, an aesthetics of simplicity facilitates the precise ____ of messages.

____ are also fairly systematic.

Although ____ people believe that art is by definition wild and intuitive, while only science is methodologically disciplined, there is a great deal of evidence ─ including from artists talking about their own practices ─ to suggest that art is often created methodically and systematically, and that frameworks and forms permit creativity to flow.

____ of being liberating, freedom without limits is almost paralysing, because without frameworks we end up in a vacuum in which our actions generate no response.

As the Danish poet and filmmaker Jorgen Leth has ____ it many times, 'the rules of the game' are a prerequisite for artistic freedom.

They provide a solid form or structure that enables the artist to make use of 'the gifts of chance' (to use Leth's expression), and in which a part of the world can be ____ in a non-chaotic manner.

In order to ____ beauty, the artist must restrict himor herself.

Cultural storage and transmission require humans to accomplish the work of storing knowledge and ____ it on to the next generation by means other than DNA.

To that end, humans developed techniques of ____, of transmitting knowledge through education and by using external memory devices.

The Chauvet cave was such a ____, a place that humans returned to generation after generation, cooperating on a project that none of them could have accomplished alone.

Each generation of artists learned techniques and continued the ____ of previous ones, preserving and improving what their predecessors had worked on.

For us, the idea that humans might work on a single system of caves for thousands of ____ in the same style is almost unimaginable.

But these ____ humans were highly conscious of the importance of storing and preserving knowledge and of passing down ideas.

What would a language be like if it didn't ____ any simplifications or generalizations?

It would be a language in which every word was a ____ noun.

Because you don't want to gloss over the differences between snakes that are slightly different in some respect, every snake must have its own ____.

Furthermore, every event must have its own verb, ____ not every occasion of thinking or dancing or talking is identical.

There might be some superintelligent race of beings that could know such a language, but they would have to know virtually everything in the world to learn all ____ names.

Human language has taken a different ____ ─ many fewer names, with a loss of precision, but a basic vocabulary that is readily acquired.

However, this fact is ____ simply a compromise with our limited cognitive capacity.

By using the same word for ____ objects, we're communicating information about those things.

Calling two different-looking things "spider" communicates that they probably have eight legs, weave nests, eat insects, and other noticeable details, which we would not know if we gave them all their own separate ____.

Self-regulation has ____ suggested as an alternative way to hold the tech industry to account.

But when tech lobbyists speak of self-regulation, they are ____ describing it as it is understood by professionals like doctors.

Unlike in medicine, there are no mandatory ethical qualifications for working as a software engineer or ____ executive.

There is no enforceable industry ____ of conduct.

There is no ____ certification.

____ is no duty to put the public ahead of profit.

There are few consequences for serious moral failings; no real fear of being ____ or struck off.

Recent years have seen an ____ of AI ethics charters and the like, filled with well-meaning generalities about the responsible use of powerful computers.

But without consequences for violating ____, these charters are just toothless statements of aspiration.

The tech industry is basically saying: ____ us.

But blind trust is not how we govern doctors, ____, bankers, pilots or anyone else in unelected positions of social responsibility.

Tech is the ____, and it's not clear why.

We experience emotions as different bodily sensations, such as a beating heart and sweaty palms; we ____ emotions in others by their facial expressions and behaviour.

One prominent idea is that we are born with a ____ set of basic emotions that are universal within our species, notably happiness, sadness, fear, surprise, disgust and anger.

Just as we attach the word gravity to our intuitive understanding about how objects move through space, we simply attach words to each of these ____ and universal emotions once those words become available.

An alternative view is that we make sense of the sensations we feel and the facial expressions we see only when we attach ____ to them ─ we develop rather than inherit our emotional concepts.

Key evidence is that children are unable to categorise ____ expressions as representing different emotions until they have acquired a lexicon of words for emotions.

Before having such words, faces that we ____ view as angry, sad or fearful are all categorised together as 'unpleasant'.

By acquiring the words for different types of emotions while experiencing sensations or observing their expressions in others, we develop a set of concepts ____ which those feelings can be placed.

Everyone likes to think of themselves as behaving in an unbiased fashion ____ of the time.

We all view ourselves similar to the ____ statue of Lady Justice evaluating competing claims without bias, emotions, or motivations.

And yet, overwhelming psychological research suggests that such unbiased rationality is actually a fairly elusive quality in ____.

Much of the ____ people are on automatic pilot.

In other words, individuals are acting without ____ more often than they are thinking carefully and deliberately.

The rest of the time, even as individuals are trying their best to think through issues, ____ goals may bias their thought processes and bias their reasoning.

Ziva Kunda, who coined the term "motivated reasoning" to describe this phenomenon, explained that although individuals try to make well-thought-out decisions, use available evidence, and ____ at both sides of an issue, the process is often tainted by motivations that may be unknown to them.

Individuals' ____ may direct them to attend more carefully to some information while ignoring other relevant facts.

Or they may use different strategies to evaluate information they prefer to be correct while at the same time being hypercritical of flaws in information they ____ to be wrong.

It may be assumed that meta-algorithmics, that is, the creation of algorithms that generate other algorithms, is a human ____ as well.

A human programmer must have composed the first algorithm that, in ____, generates new algorithms and as such the initial programmer must be in control of the original idea.

____, this is not necessarily true.

Unlike humanly conceived ideas, where the author is the intellectual owner of the idea, algorithms are processes that define, describe, and implement a series of actions that in ____ produce other actions.

During the transfer of actions it is possible for a discrepancy to occur between the original intention and the actual ____.

If that happens then, by definition, the author of the algorithm is not in ____ of, and therefore does not own intellectually from that point on, the resulting process.

Theoretically, ownership of an idea is intrinsically connected to the predictability of its outcome, that is, to ____ intellectual control.

Therefore, in the absence of human control the ownership of the algorithmic process must be instead ____ to the device that produced it, that is, to the computer.

The new notion of intellectual ownership is created by metaalgorithmics, as algorithms can produce outcomes that are unpredictable to human programmers, ____ potentially ownership to the computer itself.

Translating a literary text is challenging, and it's often said ____ will be an inevitable loss in translation.

But that challenge frequently inspires creative re-renderings that ____ the prospect of a gain in translation as well.

A washingmachine manual doesn't present the same challenges, nor therefore does it inspire the same creativity ____.

But where, in ____ of the opposition between literary and nonliterary language, might we position philosophy's language?

Might philosophy want to avoid a ____ economy that aims for a gain in translation but risks a loss?

Philosophy wishes to ____ its truths intact, without loss ─ and without gain either, or at least it might hesitate to offer its truths to translation without further clarification of what a gain, and indeed a gain in depth, actually means.

It cannot be a ____ of offsetting "stylistic losses."

The loss philosophy fears is a loss of ____, the compromising of a truth.

Thus, philosophy might prefer to be placed on the side of nonliterary language, and express itself in unstylish language, like Badiou's mathematical writing, so that no translator is prompted to rude and bold acts of creative ____.

If philosophy wishes to increase its range and ____ being restricted to a national or regional tradition, it needs a translation model that conveys philosophical truths to the world without any "economic" fluctuations of loss and gain.