2025년 10월 고2 모의고사 변형문제 (31-42번)

Statistics in the twentieth century became the systematic collection of quantitative information needed ____ the state.

This process occurred in ____ the industrialised countries as a key part of their becoming modern states.

Desrosieres writes: "It is difficult to think ____ that the objects being measured really do exist and that this is only a convention".

Yet this is the ____

Phenomena such as prices being charged and products being sold exist, but the categories and classification frameworks supporting the collection, ____ and organisation of official statistics are devised to serve the purposes of the state, for macroeconomic or for social policies.

Theodore ____ described the use of statistics to create state authority: "Quantification is a way of making decisions without seeming to decide", characterising it as a "social technology" intended to build trust in authority.

Just as an expert in the taste and colour of ____ will gain much by being aware of the chemistry that underlies those qualities, so each perspective on the body can potentially enhance the others.

And yet every scientific tool, from microscopes to mathematics, and every aspect ____ the body, from the brain to the microorganism, requires such depth of expertise that this tends not to happen: we tend to study the human body in silos, each community sectioned from the others by its own specialised vocabulary.

Research communities may be dedicated to one type of scientific tool ____ a specific component of the body, such as one type of cell.

____ different types of cell communicate with one another becomes its own specialist topic.

Even simple ____ of life on Earth are now rarely studied as a whole, and the human body is evidently much more complex.

As long ago as 1890, The Times newspaper commented that ____ 'had already become too vast to be manageable'.

Today, nobody is an expert ____ the whole of anything.

Historically, palaces weren't ____ homes; they were carefully constructed stages designed to impress and intimidate.

While stone symbolized permanence and strength, glass offered something ____ powerful: visibility.

The introduction of large windows in palaces allowed rulers to literally look down upon ____ subjects, emphasizing their elevated position.

Conversely, it also ____ subjects to gaze up at their leaders, creating a sense of awe and distance.

Consider the Palace of Versailles: its Hall of Mirrors, lined with reflective surfaces, not only ____ the grandeur of the space but also placed the king at the center of a dazzling display, reinforcing his absolute authority.

The use of glass in palaces wasn't merely aesthetic; it was ____

Open sightlines allowed for better surveillance and control, ensuring ____ safety and security of the ruling family.

____ and visitors were constantly aware of being observed, contributing to an atmosphere of careful obedience and respect.

The very architecture dictated social behavior, with glass acting as a silent enforcer of ____ power dynamic.

As a political researcher in Germany, Noelle­Neumann observed that during election campaigns, certain views seemed to get more play than others, and sometimes people muted their opinions rather than talking about them, especially if those opinions were perceived ____ be unpopular.

Noelle­Neumann calls this the spiral of ____

The spiral of silence occurs when ____ who perceive that their opinions are popular express them, whereas those who do not think their opinions are popular remain quiet.

This process occurs in a spiral, so that one side of an issue ends up ____ considerable publicity and the other side with very little.

In everyday life, people express their opinions in a variety of ____

they talk about them, they wear buttons, they put bumper ____ on their cars, and they post their views on social media.

____ to this theory, people are more apt to do these kinds of things when they perceive that others share their opinions.

Consider units of measure, one kind of descriptive device we are familiar with ____ in physics.

Spatial distances can be given in terms of feet or ____ or some other unit, and the physics will be the same regardless.

We conclude from this ____ physics does not prefer one unit of length over any other, and we may choose any one we like for reasons of convenience.

We further conclude that any feature depending on ____ choice, such as the particular numerical value assigned to the spatial separation between two locations, is not out there in the world apart from a choice of unit.

Temperatures can likewise be given in terms of the Fahrenheit ____ Celsius or Kelvin scale, and nothing in the physics changes when we switch from one scale to another.

We conclude that the choice of scale is an arbitrary choice in description, and that any feature that depends on that ____ is scale-dependent.

Even though sea creatures live in it, they still need to take in water for their bodies ____ function properly.

They just need to get rid of any extra salt it might bring ____ it.

____ absorbs water like a sponge.

If you put a tiny ____ of salt on a small plate, then add enough water to the side, making sure an edge touches the salt, the salt will absorb the water.

Now you have a pile of wet salt. Notice that ____ has increased in size.

The same principle ____ to sea creatures.

If the body fluids in a sea animal are saltier than the seawater it lives in, then the extra salt ____ the creature's body will absorb seawater.

This can cause them to ____ up.

On the other hand, if the amount of salt in ____ seawater is higher than the amount of salt in the body fluids of a sea animal, the extra salt in the water will draw fluids out of the creature's body, causing it to dehydrate and shrink.

Distinguishing moths from butterflies on outward appearance is not always easy, but there are a few rules of thumb that can ____

In most butterflies the antennae end with a small club-shaped swelling, whereas in moths they are usually feathery or narrow to a fine ____

Butterflies tend to rest with their wings held shut above their body, whereas moths more usually rest with the upper sides of ____ wings on full view.

Further distinctions can be made by looking for a tiny hook that joins fore- and hindwings, a ____ only present in moths.

The stereotypical differences, with moths cast as the gloomy, nocturnal cousins of ____ sun-loving butterflies are simply wrong.

There ____ many brightly coloured moths and many which are active throughout the day.

Equally, ____ are a few nocturnal butterflies and plenty that come clothed in shades of brown and grey.

It's more sensible to ____ of them together; both butterflies and moths are beautiful and fascinating insects.

There ____ numerous ways wildlife is managed, but they all imply stewardship and can be classified into two broad categories: active management and inactive management.

Active management does something to the population ― such as increasing or decreasing its ____ ― in a direct manner through strategies like trans-locations or hunting, respectively.

Populations can also be actively managed by altering the ____ to the benefit or disadvantage of a population.

If population numbers are too low for the goal of management agencies, other active management can be incorporated, such as predator control to minimize neonatal deaths or habitat improvement to provide required cover for neonates ____ predators.

These ____ represent active approaches to management.

Other populations may not be actively managed, ____ those in national parks.

In such situations, management activities minimize external influences on populations and habitat, which often involves management of humans ____ not animals.

Waste has historically been seen ____ a necessary driver of the economy.

Sales are ____ to the amount of a product supplied, which is directly dependent on the demand for that product.

Therefore, if you design the product to ____ be wasted, you can ensure that the demand for more products will be sustained.

Many strategies have been incorporated into product design and use to ensure that waste is inevitable, such as planned obsolescence, limited access to tools for repairs, ____ use of cheap materials.

All these strategies ensure that ____ consumer will have limited access to the product in use and will eventually require a replacement.

Those who supported the idea that waste is necessary to drive demand failed to realize that prioritizing the elimination of waste via repair and remanufacturing creates a different ____ of demand: products as a service.

____ this setup, companies simply lease out products that were once sold directly to the customer.

____ this transition of ownership, companies maintain profit by offering maintenance and repair services and are encouraged to develop long-lasting products.

Viewing time as a purchasable and consistent product cemented artificial views on time into our psyche, but every now and ____ we are forced to acknowledge this mistake.

On twenty-six occasions in the last fifty ____ a second has been added to everyone's day to adjust for the Earth wobbling and the rate of its spin changing.

For instance, when El Nino, a climatic system in the Pacific, causes wind speed to change ____ it can slow the rotation of the Earth slightly.

Indeed, the ____ spin is generally slowing because the moon's gravity is acting as a drag, so days are getting longer by about 1.7 milliseconds per century.

Such events disturb the similarity between man-made ____ and more flexible time based on the Earth's naturally occurring rotation.

When events like this happen, a bunch of humans make the decision to add ____ small slice of time to your day, without your knowledge.

We try to force our fixed, man-made view of time on ____ nature in the false hope that it will yield. It doesn't.

Humans, who have long viewed that time is stable, have continuously made modifications, sticking to their belief that their efforts can eliminate the gap between man-made ____ and natural time.

When your hand is hanging at your side and then you lift it, opposing muscles on your upper arm shorten and lengthen ― contract ____ relax ― to bend the elbow.

Biceps contract, and ____ relax.

Reversing the motion, ____ you drop your hand back down, muscles reverse roles.

____ contract, and biceps relax.

Lift your hand or ____ it, and muscle shows what it is: a system of coordination, managed by orchestrated tension.

As arms and legs rotate ____ joints, muscles activate and deactivate, contract and relax.

All physical activity is paradoxical, in this sense: ____ depends on what muscles don't do, as much as it depends on what they do.

Both are necessary, each in its time ― and the same is true of each side of the pairs ____ concepts shaping how we talk of muscles.

Start with nature versus nurture: Some people are stronger or more muscular than others; ____ the difference inborn, or does it depend on what people do?

To the latter question: What ____ you do?

Do you ____ to lift weights, or is walking enough exercise?

____ should you do the exercise?

Should you move fast ____ slowly?

Lift heavy weights or lighter ____

Put like that, basic questions about muscle may ____ like they have one right answer.

Oppositions can ____

____ where muscle is concerned, few oppositions are true polarities.

Look closely, and most prove to be ____

Born and ____ heavy and light, fast and slow: Those opposites actually require each other.