영어2 능률 김성곤 3과 변형문제

In today's world, there is ____ lot of statistical information around us all the time.

Every ____ we read an article on the Internet or see a commercial on TV, we are likely to come into contact with numbers and figures.

Generally, these numbers help us make better decisions in our ____ lives.

For example, when we choose which movie to see, we can check the ratings and ____ the reviews of thousands of viewers.

Similarly, when people see statistics that show fastening a seat belt greatly increases the chances of surviving a car accident, they may choose to wear ____ themselves.

These are just a few examples of ____ statistical information plays an important role in our lives.

However, is it safe to believe ____ exactly the way they are presented to us?

Unfortunately, statistics can be misused in ____ ways.

Let's learn about ____ common tricks behind statistics.

On the Internet, Minjeong sees an advertisement that reads, “100% of users report brighter and softer skin with Blossom ____ liquid facial soap.”

It claims that these results are from an independent ____ and are guaranteed by a public agency.

Minjeong does not question ____ statistics and buys some bottles, despite the high price.

However, although Minjeong uses the soap for a few ____ she does not experience any noticeable changes.

Did Minjeong just happen to buy a ____ product?

Or was ____ advertisement completely fake?

When Minjeong read “100% of users,” she should have ____ herself, “Where did the company get this figure?”

If Minjeong had read the tiny letters at the bottom of the ad, she would have found that the ____ included only five people.

As in this ____ when a sample is not large enough to show a wide range of results, it can be misleading.

By using small samples, ____ can come up with any results they want and use them for their own purposes.

People can also get the wrong idea from statistics when a ____ is not random.

For example, a restaurant may put survey cards on the tables, hoping ____ know what most customers think about its food, service, or atmosphere.

However, few cards will be filled out by normal customers, because ____ don't have any reason to do so.

Only ____ with strongly positive or negative reactions are likely to respond to the survey.

____ method of choosing a sample is called “voluntary response sampling.”

Such samples are biased in favor of strong opinions and ____ the moderate ones.

Therefore, when you see a statistic, ____ that the sample is just as important as the statistic itself.

How many people were in the sample? Who ____ they?

If you don't know, be careful not to leap ____ conclusions.

ABC Corporation wants to hire ____ employees.

In order to look like ____ well-paying company and to recruit competent candidates,

the ____ decides to distribute a press release that says the average yearly salary of its employees is $57,000, which is quite high.

However, the ____ is that more than half of its employees earn no more than $30,000 or less a year,

____ the most common salary for employees is only $20,000.

Did the company spread false information? How ____ this possible?

It's because the company used the trap of ____

Averages can show different pictures depending on which ____ is chosen.

To understand the meaning of different ____ of averages, let's look at the illustration on the next page.

Most often, the ____ “average” indicates the “mean.”

It is calculated by adding ____ the values in a group and dividing the result by the number of group members.

____ the mean is not the only kind of average.

There are two more kinds: the ____ and the “mode.”

The median is the number that is exactly in ____ middle of all the other figures.

In this case it is $30,000, ____ 12 employees are making more than $30,000 and 12 are making less.

The mode ____ the number that appears most frequently—$20,000 in this case.

As you can see in the illustration, there are only a ____ of people that are earning an average salary of $57,000 or higher.

However, because the company wanted to be perceived as a well-paying one, it used the mean, which results in a deceptively ____ average salary.

An average ____ convincing because it is so simple.

To avoid being tricked, however, you have to know what sort of average is being ____

You also need to find out the distribution of the values in order to get a more accurate ____ of the real data.

In mass media, graphs are often used because they display ____ more efficiently than tables of raw data do.

However, graphs can be misleading, too. Let's look at ____ two graphs below.

The two graphs shown here illustrate ____ data can be misrepresented.

In the first graph, the vertical axis goes all the way up to 100 and all the ____ down to 0, which makes the decrease in the percentage look modest.

In the other graph, only 10 percentage points are shown, from 65 to 75, which makes the change seem much ____ extreme.

Notable is the fact that the two graphs are based on exactly ____ same data.

So, if you want to point out the seriousness of skipping breakfast, you can use ____ second graph.

In fact, you can make nearly any graph more convincing in favor ____ your argument by cutting off the graph at a certain point.

Hence, whenever you see a graph, you should check the ____ on the vertical and horizontal axes to see what the highest and lowest values are.

Don't simply assume the visual ____ is the same as the real story.

Check whether the ____ is presented in a specific way to emphasize a point.

When people state opinions in articles, speeches, debates, or advertisements, ____ often give some statistics to support or reinforce their point.

If ____ statistics are found through proper research methods, then they are objective facts.

However, many statistics that you see and hear could just be numbers ____ are meant to convince you of a certain view.

Therefore, ____ next time you come across some statistics, don't blindly accept any data that is presented.

Look at the statistics ____ detail with a critical eye, and then judge whether or not they are convincing.