영어2 비상 홍민표 3과 변형문제 Our Blue Planet

Ever since the earliest life form first appeared on Earth between three and four billion years ago, organisms have developed into a ____ of life forms, from tiny bacteria and mushrooms to apple trees and humans.

____ most species have gone extinct, the survivors have been able to successfully adapt themselves to their surroundings.

As of 2016, scientists estimate that approximately one trillion species exist today, ____ of which only 1.6 million are documented.

A glance at some remarkable species that have evolved their own course of survival and adaptation may put human life ____ perspective, inviting us to ask what our place is in the natural world.

Imagine something secretly entering your body and controlling your behavior, turning you into one of those zombies from ____ fiction movies.

____ that sound creepy?

That's exactly how a parasitic fungus species called the “zombie ant fungus,” inhabiting tropical forests around the world, attacks ____ colonies.

What happens is that when spores from the fungus land on an ant searching for food in the forest, it infects the ant, hijacks its central nervous system, and controls its ____ with a special chemical.

The victim doesn't ____ like an ant but like a zombie: it stops searching for food for its colony, and instead climbs up a tree and holds onto a leaf or a branch, where it is finally killed by the fungus.

Soon, a stalk of spores grows out of the back of the ant's head,from which more spores can access more ants under the tree, a cruel but very effective way ____ expanding the fungus' territory.

While the zombie ant fungi reproduce by enslaving poor ants, an invertebrate species called the tardigrades is extremely difficult to kill, earning ____ title, “the toughest animal” in the world.

Their main habitat is wet areas, such as tropical rain forests, the freezing waters of the Arctic ____ or even your garden.

They are as small as the period at the end of every ____ you write.

Despite their small size, however, they employ a ____ of remarkable survival tactics.

Putting ____ in boiling alcohol or into the extreme cold of -272°C won't kill them.

____ or thirst is not a word in their dictionary: they can live without food or water for decades.

The vacuum of outer space can't stop them either; they ____ sent to space in 2007 and were found to have survived exposure to vacuum and deadly solar radiation for ten full days.

Many things are still unknown about their survival tactics, but one trick they employ to fight dry seasons is relatively ____ documented.

____ rely on “cryptobiosis,” which is when they don't die but go into a state where their metabolism decreases to 0.01% of normal activity.

They do this by curling up ____ drying out their body.

They can remain in this dehydrated state ____ decades.

They avoid going completely dry with the help of some protectants in their body mass, which prevent the main ____ of their cells, including their DNA, from being destroyed.

When exposed to water, they ____ and reawaken.

Their ability to cope with extreme ____ and cold, radiation, and pressure is still under investigation.

The wonders of nature exist not only in the animal kingdom but also in ____ world of plants.

One amazing plant is the floating ____ which inhabits every continent except Antarctica.

It is a plant with no ____ leaves or roots but displays beautiful yellow flowers.

Bladderworts float freely on the surface of lakes or ponds without rooted connections to ____ soil.

They ____ in areas that lack dissolved minerals.

What is needed is something to supplement their diet, and thus they ____ on small creatures in ponds like water fleas.

With their sophisticated trapping mechanism, underwater seed-like bladders suck in prey in the blink of ____ eye.

This carnivorous plant uses a vacuum-driven suction ____

Two ____ compose the trap: the walls and the trap door.

When the walls pump out water while the trap door is locked, the walls create a partial vacuum ____ storing potential mechanical energy like a spring.

At the ____ of the door, trigger hairs act like a lever that blocks the external water from rushing in.

The hairs are very sensitive, and a slight touch by a nearby prey ____ them, unlocking the door and expanding the walls, which causes the water surrounding the prey to be sucked into the bladder.

It only takes a thousandth of a second for a water flea to touch the hair ____ be sucked in.

Many ____ us take it for granted that only humans farm food.

However, a recently discovered deep-sea crab species called the ____ challenges that notion.

Yeti crabs live 2,000 meters below the surface of the ocean, deep down on sulfur-rich thermal vents that spew water as hot as ____

In such harsh environments, ____ survive by growing bacteria on their hairy claws, which constitute their main food source.

There is no light down there, so photosynthesis is ____

Instead, the ____ rely on what's known as chemosynthesis, using oxygen from the surrounding water and the methane or sulfide from the vents.

The crabs often wave their hairy claws near the vents, allowing the ____ on the hair to have better access to oxygen, methane, or sulfide to grow better, which is definitely a cool way of farming in the deep.

Despite the relatively recent appearance of modern humans on Earth, we are led to believe that we “dominate” the natural world and that we are the ____ life form.

A closer look at microorganisms, however, demonstrates ____ plants and animals have adapted to their environments far better than we have and in ways that we cannot even imagine.

It is true that we have done well to change our environment ____ that it is more suitable to us, but a study of other life forms leads us to question why we must always change our environment instead of adapting to it the way that other successful life forms have.

Perhaps we need a dose ____ humility and a shift in perspective.

Maybe we simply are not the masters of ____ world.