2026학년도 수능특강 영어독해연습 1강 변형문제 (1~6번)

How are category judgments ____ when they don’t rely on typicality?

As an approach ____ this question, let’s think through an example.

Consider ____ lemon. Paint the lemon with red and white stripes.

Is it still a lemon? Most ____ say that it is.

Now, inject the lemon with sugar water, ____ it has a sweet taste.

Then, run over the lemon with a truck, so that it’s ____ as a pancake.

What have we got ____ this point?

Do we have a striped, artificially sweet, flattened ____

Or ____ we have a non-lemon?

Most people still accept this poor, abused fruit as ____ lemon, but consider what this judgment involves.

We’ve taken steps to make this object more and more distant from the prototype and also very different from any specific lemon you’ve ____ encountered.

____ this seems not to shake your faith that the object remains a lemon.

To be ____ we have a not-easily-recognized lemon, an exceptional lemon, but it’s still a lemon.

Apparently, something can be ____ lemon with virtually no resemblance to other lemons.

There’s a reason so many of the studies ____ found that were incentives undermine motivation conducted with children.

Children ____ busy figuring out their likes and dislikes.

When I ask my eight-year-old if he likes a subject at school, he needs to think about ____ he doesn’t intuitively know the answer the way you might.

Children are relatively new to a world that’s largely controlled by adults, so ____ of the activities that occupy their days need explanation.

They might ask themselves, “Am I drawing because ____ like to draw or because my teacher made me draw?” or

“Does this food taste good to me or am I eating it because otherwise ____ won’t get dessert?”

Incentives give them the clues to start piecing together their ____ and dislikes.

And if you’re a ____ and an adult is willing to pay you to do something, that’s a clue that you wouldn’t otherwise enjoy doing it.

Because both parties typically suffer costs when a competition escalates to violence, contests between members of the same species are typically a blend of truth and exaggeration by each party intended to convince the other party to back ____

____ would disappear if there were no cost to testing one’s abilities against those of one’s opponent.

If we’re competing over the last slice of cake ____ I think I might be stronger than you, I’ll just punch you and find out.

But there is a notable cost to this test, as you are likely to punch me back — ____ bummer under the best of circumstances, but particularly so if you’re stronger than I am.

It is this guaranteed cost of competition that allows deceptive individuals to exaggerate their strengths and play down their weaknesses without necessarily ____ caught.

This type of exaggeration can be seen throughout the animal kingdom, such as when moose or hyenas raise the hackles on their back to appear larger, or when crabs grow unnecessarily large claw shells that they do not fill ____ muscle.

Other people’s reactions can influence whether any ____ individual decides to help.

No one wants to foolishly rush to help in a case that may not be an ____ after all.

In fact, people sometimes fail to act because they fear appearing foolish in front ____ others.

So ____ usually keep calm and check to see what others present are doing.

Of course, if everyone else is also keeping calm while they check the reactions of others, everyone ____ conclude that help is not needed or that norms make helping inappropriate.

In one series of studies, experimenters arranged for smoke to pour into a ____ room in which students were sitting completing questionnaires.

When the students were alone, their concern ____ the unusual situation soon led them to seek help.

But when two confederates in the room showed no reaction to the smoke, participants also did ____

When people notice that bystanders and passersby are unresponsive, that observation ____ the likelihood that they will help.

Thus, one way that the presence of bystanders can influence helping is by suggesting that helping is contrary ____ norms.

There is a profound reason to start ____ philosophy with the ancient Greeks rather than the older cultures (Egyptian, Babylonian, Indian, and Chinese), despite their many accomplishments.

Although these older cultures had technical knowledge, keen observational skills, and vast resources of material ____ information, they failed to create natural philosophy because they did not separate the natural world from the supernatural world.

The religions of the old empires ____ predicated on the belief that the material world was controlled and inhabited by supernatural beings and forces, and that the reason for the behavior of these supernatural forces was largely unknowable.

Although there were many technical developments in the societies of the four river cultures, the intellectual heritage was dominated by the priests, and their interest in the material world was an ____ of their concepts of theology.

Many ancient civilizations, such as the Egyptian, Babylonian, and Aztec empires, spent a large proportion of social capital (covering such things as the time, wealth, skill, and ____ space of the society) on religious activity.

The processes of state formation and the centralization of government in early modern Europe involved the use of increasing amounts ____ information.

Historians have noted the rise of what the Canadian sociologist Dorothy Smith called ‘textually mediated forms of ruling’ ____ as writing letters, writing and annotating reports, issuing forms and questionnaires and so on, associated with what is variously known as the information state, archive state or paper state — now in the process of transforming itself into the digital state.

This process may be described as the rise ____ ‘bureaucracy’ in the original sense of the term, the rule of the bureau, or office, and its officials.

These officials both issued and followed written orders and recorded these orders in their files, together ____ the reports on the political situation at home and abroad that assisted decision-making.

The ruler on horseback was gradually transformed into the ____ sitting at his desk, as in the famous cases of Philip II of Spain in the sixteenth century and Louis XIV of France in the seventeenth.