EBS 2026학년도 수능특강 영어독해연습 01강
1 전형성에 의존하지 않는 범주 판단
How are category judgments made when they ____ rely on typicality?
As an approach to this question, ____ think through an example.
Consider a lemon. ____ the lemon with red and white stripes.
Is it still a ____? Most people say that it is.
Now, inject the ____ with sugar water, so it has a sweet taste.
Then, run over the ____ with a truck, so that it’s flat as a pancake.
What ____ we got at this point?
Do we have a striped, artificially sweet, ____ lemon?
Or do we have a ____?
Most people still accept this poor, abused fruit as a lemon, but consider what this ____ involves.
We’ve taken steps to make this object more and more distant from the prototype and also very different from any specific lemon you’ve ever ____.
But this seems not to shake your faith that the ____ remains a lemon.
To be sure, we have a not-easily-recognized lemon, an exceptional ____, but it’s still a lemon.
Apparently, something can be a lemon with ____ no resemblance to other lemons.
2 유인책이 동기에 미치는 영향
There’s a ____ so many of the studies that found that were incentives undermine motivation conducted with children.
Children are busy ____ out their likes and dislikes.
When I ask my eight-year-old if he likes a ____ at school, he needs to think about it; he doesn’t intuitively know the answer the way you might.
Children are relatively new to a world that’s largely ____ by adults, so many of the activities that occupy their days need explanation.
They might ask themselves, “Am I drawing because I ____ to draw or because my teacher made me draw?” or
“Does this food taste good to me or am I eating it ____ otherwise I won’t get dessert?”
Incentives give them the clues to start piecing together their likes and ____.
And if you’re a child, and an adult is willing to ____ you to do something, that’s a clue that you wouldn’t otherwise enjoy doing it.
3 경쟁에서의 과장
Because both parties typically suffer costs when a ____ escalates to violence, contests between members of the same species are typically a blend of truth and exaggeration by each party intended to convince the other party to back down.
____ would disappear if there were no cost to testing one’s abilities against those of one’s opponent.
If we’re competing over the last slice of cake and I think I might be stronger than you, I’ll just punch ____ and find out.
But there is a notable cost to this test, as ____ are likely to punch me back — a bummer under the best of circumstances, but particularly so if you’re stronger than I am.
It is this guaranteed cost of competition that allows deceptive ____ to exaggerate their strengths and play down their weaknesses without necessarily getting caught.
This type of ____ can be seen throughout the animal kingdom, such as when moose or hyenas raise the hackles on their back to appear larger, or when crabs grow unnecessarily large claw shells that they do not fill with muscle.
4 타인의 반응이 도움 행동에 미치는 영향
Other people’s reactions can influence whether any one individual ____ to help.
No one wants to foolishly rush to help in a case that may ____ be an emergency after all.
In fact, people sometimes ____ to act because they fear appearing foolish in front of others.
So we usually keep calm and check to see what ____ present are doing.
Of course, if everyone else is also keeping calm while they check the reactions of others, everyone will conclude that ____ is not needed or that norms make helping inappropriate.
In one series of studies, experimenters arranged for smoke to pour into a laboratory room in which students were ____ completing questionnaires.
When the students were alone, their concern at the unusual situation soon ____ them to seek help.
But when two confederates in the ____ showed no reaction to the smoke, participants also did nothing.
When people notice that ____ and passersby are unresponsive, that observation reduces the likelihood that they will help.
Thus, one way that the presence of bystanders can influence helping is by suggesting that helping is contrary to ____.
5 자연 철학이 더 오래된 문화권에서 시작되지 못한 이유
There is a profound reason to start natural philosophy with the ancient Greeks rather than the older cultures (Egyptian, Babylonian, Indian, and Chinese), ____ their many accomplishments.
Although these ____ cultures had technical knowledge, keen observational skills, and vast resources of material and information, they failed to create natural philosophy because they did not separate the natural world from the supernatural world.
The religions of the ____ empires were predicated on the belief that the material world was controlled and inhabited by supernatural beings and forces, and that the reason for the behavior of these supernatural forces was largely unknowable.
Although there were many technical developments in the societies of the four river cultures, the intellectual heritage was ____ by the priests, and their interest in the material world was an extension of their concepts of theology.
Many ancient civilizations, ____ as the Egyptian, Babylonian, and Aztec empires, spent a large proportion of social capital (covering such things as the time, wealth, skill, and public space of the society) on religious activity.
6 문서를 매개로 한 통치 형태의 등장
The processes of state formation and the centralization of government in early modern Europe involved the use of ____ amounts of information.
Historians have noted the ____ of what the Canadian sociologist Dorothy Smith called ‘textually mediated forms of ruling’ such as writing letters, writing and annotating reports, issuing forms and questionnaires and so on, associated with what is variously known as the information state, archive state or paper state — now in the process of transforming itself into the digital state.
This process may be described as the rise of ‘bureaucracy’ in the original sense of the term, the rule of the ____, or office, and its officials.
____ officials both issued and followed written orders and recorded these orders in their files, together with the reports on the political situation at home and abroad that assisted decision-making.
The ruler on horseback was gradually transformed into the ruler sitting at his desk, as in the famous cases of Philip II of Spain in the sixteenth century and Louis XIV of ____ in the seventeenth.