25년 3월 고2 모의고사 영어 변형문제 (31~42번)

The explosion of popular music in the second half of the twentieth century as well as the global circulation and dissemination ____ music by the creative industries propelled a new understanding of accessbility in relation to music.

____ in the 1950s, anyone could pick up spoons, a couple of pans, a second-hand guitar and start a band.

This led to specific genres such as skiffle, but also, more generally, reflected a much more relaxed and ____ attitude to music making.

While ____ people had always sung and made music, the popular music movement was driven by a spirit of rebellion and freedom.

This approach led to the punk movement, whose musicians even made it a condition for their music to be non-virtuosic and accessible to all ____ the 1970s.

Groups who ____ been entirely excluded from music revelled in opportunities to create.

This led to a sense of novelty and empowerment in and beyond the music ____

Great scientists ____ seldom one-hit wonders.

Newton ____ a prime example: beyond the Newtonian mechanics, he developed the theory of gravitation, calculus, laws of motion, and optimization.

In fact, well-known scientists are often involved in multiple discoveries, a phenomenon potentially explained by ____ Matthew effect.

Indeed, an initial success may offer a scientist legitimacy, improve peer perception, provide ____ of how to score and win, enhance social status, and attract resources and quality collaborators, each of these payoffs further increasing her odds of scoring another win.

Yet, there is an appealing alternative explanation: Great scientists have multiple hits and consistently succeed in their scientific endeavors simply because ____ exceptionally talented.

Therefore, future success again goes to those who have had success earlier, not because of advantages offered by the previous ____ but because the earlier success was indicative of a hidden talent.

The Matthew effect posits that success alone increases the ____ probability of success, raising the question:

Does ____ dictate outcomes, or does it simply reflect an underlying talent or quality?

In other words, ____ there really a Matthew effect after all?

When we realize we've said something in error and we pause to go back to correct ____ we stop gesturing a couple of hundred milliseconds before we stop speaking.

Such sequences suggest the startling notion that our hands "know" what we're going to say before ____ conscious minds do, and in fact this is often the case.

Gesture can mentally prime a word ____ that the right term comes to our lips.

When people are prevented from gesturing, they talk less fluently; their speech becomes halting ____ their hands are no longer able to supply them with the next word, and the next.

Not being able to gesture has other deleterious effects: without gesture to help our mental processes along, we remember less useful information, we solve problems less well, and we are less able ____ explain our thinking.

Far from tagging along as ____ clumsy companion, gesture represents the leading edge of our thought.

Despite the difference between the past and ____ future, between what has happened and what is to come, it can be suggested, that our sense of the past has always been influenced by our view of the future.

Revolutionaries have always looked to the past ____ frame their future cause, as is amply illustrated by examples from nationalism to communism.

The future has often been seen as variously a recovery of a lost time, ____ a replication of what is established, or as a model bequeathed by a heroic age long gone.

The ____ of history is based on understanding or explaining future outcomes that were not known to contemporaries, since the historian has the benefit of hindsight and the past is nothing more than the accumulation of futures that are now our past.

So, rather than see the hand of the past always shaping the future, perhaps it can be seen in reverse, with the past ─ in the sense of our understanding ____ it ─ being shaped by our orientation to the future.

Dictionaries are relatively good resources for anyone interested in finding out what a word ____

Using one set of words ____ define another word is called a lexical definition.

But ____ important to understand the limits of dictionary definitions.

More often than not, a definition in a dictionary requires readers to have a fairly robust understanding of the ____ already at their disposal.

____ other words, a dictionary functions in many cases as a cross-reference or translator between words one knows and words that one doesn't yet know.

Even the most obscure words in a dictionary, say, for example, "pulchritudinous" ____ "kalokagathia," must be defined using words that the reader already knows and understands.

Otherwise, ____ dictionary isn't very helpful.

The governments of virtually every country ____ the planet attach great importance to achieving food security and a wide variety of mechanisms have been developed to realize this goal.

The first issue governments face in achieving national food security ____ the problem of insuring that adequate amounts of food are available to the resident population.

Some governments have set goals of food self-sufficiency, which means most if not all of the food available in a country ____ from the domestic farming system.

However, food security does not require food self-sufficiency ____ countries can import food items not easily produced within the country.

Agricultural products are, after all, highly sensitive to climatic, soil and other conditions that tend to vary around the ____

Even countries with extremely productive agricultural sectors are not fully self-sufficient ____ all food items.

The ____ States, for example, depends on imports for its supply of coffee, tea, bananas and other tropical products.

In general, the problem of assuring adequate food supplies is solved by relying on both ____ production and imports.

____ not only affects physical disease but also the very structure of our brains, making us even more likely to experience a drained brain.

A number of studies have been done to reveal what happens in healthy people's brains when they ____ through something stressful.

One study demonstrated a link between a smaller hippocampus and people who had experienced ____ stress.

Why does this ____

This part of the brain helps you remain ____ in the face of stress and is involved in mood regulation.

It also helps you to monitor the safety of your environment and store dangerous images in your longterm memory so you can avoid them ____ the future.

It does ____ these things as part of its duties of regulating your sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.

But chronic stress can confuse the hippocampus and ____ to turning signals for cortisol "on" instead of "off," which can trap you in a constant state of fight, flight, or freeze.

It is important to recognize that although science is a rule-based procedure, it is ____ much a creative process.

____ conjecture is a philosophical invention, cooked up rather mystically by the mind through the mental computation we call careful contemplation.

However, until the hypothesis is tested against reality, it is not yet truly knowledge; ____ is just information that represents speculation.

Knowledge is information ____ has demonstrated its usefulness.

It ____ what is left over after cycles of experimental testing have eliminated false theories.

As scientists continually test their hypotheses and modify their models to account for new and surprising data, ____ kind of "learning loop" emerges that statisticians call Bayesian updating.

Based on Bayes' ____ developed by eighteenth-century English statistician and philosopher Thomas Bayes, Bayesian updating refers to a mathematical process whereby an accepted theory or predictive model gets increasingly accurate through the repetitive testing of competing variants of that theory.

As a ____ rule, it's better if your definition corresponds as closely as possible to the way in which the term is ordinarily used in the kinds of debates to which your claims are pertinent.

There will be, however, ____ where it is appropriate, even necessary, to coin special uses through what philosophers call stimulative definition.

This would ____ the case where the current lexicon is not able to make distinctions that you think are philosophically important.

For example, we do not have a term in ordinary language that describes a memory that is not necessarily a memory of something the person ____ it has experienced.

Such a thing ____ occur, for example, if I could somehow share your memories:

I would ____ a memory-type experience, but this would not be of something that I had actually experienced.

____ call this a memory would be misleading.

For this reason, philosophers have coined the special term ____ to refer to these hypothetical memory-like experiences.

Quite often the interaction between groups is socially unequal, and this is reflected in the fact that in many cases borrowing of words or constructions goes mostly or entirely in one ____ from the more powerful or prestigious group to the less favored one.

The languages of socially subordinated groups may from quite an early period of contact provide terminology for objects or practices with which speakers of ____ more powerful group were previously unfamiliar, but the effects of contact in that direction may not progress any further than this.

In some cases, as with the Dharug language of Sydney, Australia, the source of some of the earliest loans from Indigenous Australian languages into ____ the fate of the language system is extinction after the obliteration of many of its speakers.

The remainder shifted to ____ of English, the language of the people who had suppressed them.

Language borrowing from dominant to subordinate groups reflects social inequality, where the language systems of the latter often vanish even though they may have provided some ____ as exemplified by Dharug in Australia.

In 1900, at the close of the first decade in which electric systems had become a ____ alternative for manufacturers, less than 5 percent of the power used in factories came from electricity.

But the technological advances of suppliers made electric systems and electric motors ever more affordable and reliable, and the suppliers' intensive marketing programs also sped the adoption ____ the new technology.

Further accelerating the shift was the rapid expansion in the number of skilled electrical engineers, who provided ____ expertise needed to install and run the new systems.

In short order, electric power had ____ from exotic to commonplace.

But one ____ didn't change.

Factories continued to build their ____ power-supply systems on their own premises.

____ manufacturers considered buying electricity from the small central stations.

Designed to supply lighting to local homes and shops, the central stations had neither the size nor the skill to serve the needs of big ____

And ____ factory owners, having always supplied their own power, were loath to assign such a critical function to an outsider.

They knew that ____ glitch in power supply would bring their operations to a halt ─ and that a lot of glitches might well mean bankruptcy.

As the new century began, a survey found that there were already 50,000 private ____ plants in operation, far surpassing the 3,600 central stations.