25년 3월 고2 모의고사 영어 변형문제 (31~42번)

The explosion ____ popular music in the second half of the twentieth century as well as the global circulation and dissemination of music by the creative industries propelled a new understanding of accessbility in relation to music.

____ in the 1950s, anyone could pick up spoons, a couple of pans, a second-hand guitar and start a band.

This led to specific genres such as skiffle, but also, ____ generally, reflected a much more relaxed and inclusive attitude to music making.

While ordinary people had always sung and made music, the popular music movement was driven by a spirit of rebellion ____ freedom.

This approach led to the punk movement, whose musicians even made it a condition for their music to be non-virtuosic and accessible to ____ in the 1970s.

Groups who had been entirely excluded from music revelled in ____ to create.

This ____ to a sense of novelty and empowerment in and beyond the music sphere.

Great scientists are seldom one-hit ____

Newton is a prime example: ____ the Newtonian mechanics, he developed the theory of gravitation, calculus, laws of motion, and optimization.

In fact, well-known scientists are often ____ in multiple discoveries, a phenomenon potentially explained by the Matthew effect.

Indeed, an initial success may offer a scientist legitimacy, improve peer perception, provide knowledge of how to score and win, enhance social ____ and attract resources and quality collaborators, each of these payoffs further increasing her odds of scoring another win.

Yet, there is an appealing alternative explanation: Great scientists have multiple hits and consistently succeed in their ____ endeavors simply because they're exceptionally talented.

Therefore, future success again goes ____ those who have had success earlier, not because of advantages offered by the previous success, but because the earlier success was indicative of a hidden talent.

The Matthew ____ posits that success alone increases the future probability of success, raising the question:

Does status dictate outcomes, or does it simply reflect an ____ talent or quality?

In other words, is ____ really a Matthew effect after all?

When we ____ we've said something in error and we pause to go back to correct it, we stop gesturing a couple of hundred milliseconds before we stop speaking.

Such sequences suggest the startling notion that our hands "know" what we're going to say before our conscious minds do, and in ____ this is often the case.

Gesture can mentally prime a word so that the right ____ comes to our lips.

When people are prevented from gesturing, they talk less fluently; their speech becomes ____ because their hands are no longer able to supply them with the next word, and the next.

Not being able to gesture has other deleterious effects: without gesture to help ____ mental processes along, we remember less useful information, we solve problems less well, and we are less able to explain our thinking.

Far from tagging along as speech's clumsy companion, gesture represents the leading edge ____ our thought.

Despite the difference between the past and the future, between what ____ happened and what is to come, it can be suggested, that our sense of the past has always been influenced by our view of the future.

Revolutionaries have always looked to the past to frame ____ future cause, as is amply illustrated by examples from nationalism to communism.

The future has often been seen as variously a ____ of a lost time, as a replication of what is established, or as a model bequeathed by a heroic age long gone.

The writing of history is based on understanding or explaining future outcomes that were not known to contemporaries, since the historian has the benefit of hindsight and the past is nothing more than the accumulation of futures that ____ now our past.

So, rather than see the hand of the past always shaping the future, perhaps it can be seen in reverse, with the past ─ ____ the sense of our understanding of it ─ being shaped by our orientation to the future.

Dictionaries are relatively good resources for anyone interested ____ finding out what a word means.

Using one set of words to define another word is called ____ lexical definition.

But it's important ____ understand the limits of dictionary definitions.

More often than not, a definition in a dictionary requires readers to have a fairly robust understanding of the ____ already at their disposal.

In other words, a dictionary functions in many cases ____ a cross-reference or translator between words one knows and words that one doesn't yet know.

Even the most obscure ____ in a dictionary, say, for example, "pulchritudinous" or "kalokagathia," must be defined using words that the reader already knows and understands.

Otherwise, the dictionary ____ very helpful.

The governments of virtually every country on the planet ____ great importance to achieving food security and a wide variety of mechanisms have been developed to realize this goal.

The ____ issue governments face in achieving national food security is the problem of insuring that adequate amounts of food are available to the resident population.

Some ____ have set goals of food self-sufficiency, which means most if not all of the food available in a country comes from the domestic farming system.

However, food security does not require food self-sufficiency because countries can import ____ items not easily produced within the country.

Agricultural ____ are, after all, highly sensitive to climatic, soil and other conditions that tend to vary around the world.

Even countries with extremely productive agricultural sectors are not fully self-sufficient in all ____ items.

The United States, for example, depends on imports for its supply of coffee, tea, bananas and ____ tropical products.

In general, the problem of assuring adequate food supplies is solved by relying on both domestic production and ____

Stress not only affects physical disease but also the very structure of our ____ making us even more likely to experience a drained brain.

A number of studies have been done to reveal what happens ____ healthy people's brains when they go through something stressful.

One study demonstrated a link between a ____ hippocampus and people who had experienced long-lasting stress.

Why ____ this matter?

This part of the brain helps you remain resilient in the face of ____ and is involved in mood regulation.

It also helps you to monitor the safety of your environment and store dangerous images in ____ longterm memory so you can avoid them in the future.

It does all these things as ____ of its duties of regulating your sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.

But chronic stress can confuse the hippocampus ____ lead to turning signals for cortisol "on" instead of "off," which can trap you in a constant state of fight, flight, or freeze.

It is important to recognize that although science is ____ rule-based procedure, it is very much a creative process.

A conjecture is a philosophical invention, cooked up rather mystically by the mind through the mental computation we ____ careful contemplation.

However, until the hypothesis is tested against reality, it is not yet ____ knowledge; it is just information that represents speculation.

Knowledge is information that has demonstrated its ____

It is what is left over after cycles of experimental testing ____ eliminated false theories.

As scientists continually test their hypotheses and modify their models to account for new and surprising data, a kind of ____ loop" emerges that statisticians call Bayesian updating.

Based ____ Bayes' Rule, developed by eighteenth-century English statistician and philosopher Thomas Bayes, Bayesian updating refers to a mathematical process whereby an accepted theory or predictive model gets increasingly accurate through the repetitive testing of competing variants of that theory.

As a general rule, it's better if your definition corresponds as ____ as possible to the way in which the term is ordinarily used in the kinds of debates to which your claims are pertinent.

There will be, however, occasions where it ____ appropriate, even necessary, to coin special uses through what philosophers call stimulative definition.

This would be the ____ where the current lexicon is not able to make distinctions that you think are philosophically important.

For example, we do not have a term in ordinary language that describes ____ memory that is not necessarily a memory of something the person having it has experienced.

Such a thing would occur, for example, if I could somehow share your ____

____ would have a memory-type experience, but this would not be of something that I had actually experienced.

____ call this a memory would be misleading.

For this reason, philosophers have coined the special term 'quasimemory' to ____ to these hypothetical memory-like experiences.

Quite often the interaction between groups is socially unequal, and this is reflected in the fact that in many cases borrowing of words or constructions goes mostly or entirely in one direction, from ____ more powerful or prestigious group to the less favored one.

The languages of socially subordinated groups may from quite an early period of contact provide terminology for objects or practices with which speakers of the more powerful group were previously unfamiliar, but the ____ of contact in that direction may not progress any further than this.

In some cases, as with the Dharug language of Sydney, Australia, the source of some of the earliest loans from Indigenous Australian languages into English, ____ fate of the language system is extinction after the obliteration of many of its speakers.

The remainder shifted to varieties of English, ____ language of the people who had suppressed them.

Language borrowing from dominant to subordinate groups ____ social inequality, where the language systems of the latter often vanish even though they may have provided some terms, as exemplified by Dharug in Australia.

In 1900, at the close of the first decade in which electric systems had become a practical alternative for ____ less than 5 percent of the power used in factories came from electricity.

But the technological ____ of suppliers made electric systems and electric motors ever more affordable and reliable, and the suppliers' intensive marketing programs also sped the adoption of the new technology.

Further accelerating the shift was the rapid expansion in the number of skilled electrical engineers, who provided the expertise needed to ____ and run the new systems.

In short order, ____ power had gone from exotic to commonplace.

But one thing didn't ____

Factories continued to build their own power-supply systems on their ____ premises.

Few manufacturers considered ____ electricity from the small central stations.

Designed to supply lighting to local homes and shops, the central stations had ____ the size nor the skill to serve the needs of big factories.

And the factory owners, having always supplied their ____ power, were loath to assign such a critical function to an outsider.

They knew that a glitch in power supply would bring their ____ to a halt ─ and that a lot of glitches might well mean bankruptcy.

As ____ new century began, a survey found that there were already 50,000 private electric plants in operation, far surpassing the 3,600 central stations.