25년 3월 고2 모의고사 영어 변형문제 (31~42번)

The explosion of popular music in the second half of the twentieth century as well as the global circulation and dissemination of music by the creative industries propelled a ____ understanding of accessbility in relation to music.

Suddenly, in the 1950s, anyone ____ pick up spoons, a couple of pans, a second-hand guitar and start a band.

This led to specific genres such as skiffle, but also, more generally, reflected a much more relaxed ____ inclusive attitude to music making.

While ordinary people had always sung and made music, ____ popular music movement was driven by a spirit of rebellion and freedom.

This approach ____ to the punk movement, whose musicians even made it a condition for their music to be non-virtuosic and accessible to all in the 1970s.

Groups who had been entirely excluded from music revelled ____ opportunities to create.

This led to a sense ____ novelty and empowerment in and beyond the music sphere.

Great scientists are ____ one-hit wonders.

Newton is a prime example: beyond the Newtonian mechanics, he developed the ____ of gravitation, calculus, laws of motion, and optimization.

In ____ well-known scientists are often involved in multiple discoveries, a phenomenon potentially explained by the Matthew effect.

Indeed, an initial success may offer a scientist legitimacy, improve peer perception, provide knowledge of how to score and win, enhance social status, and attract resources and ____ collaborators, each of these payoffs further increasing her odds of scoring another win.

Yet, there is an appealing alternative explanation: Great scientists have multiple hits and consistently ____ in their scientific endeavors simply because they're exceptionally talented.

Therefore, future ____ again goes to those who have had success earlier, not because of advantages offered by the previous success, but because the earlier success was indicative of a hidden talent.

The ____ effect posits that success alone increases the future probability of success, raising the question:

Does status ____ outcomes, or does it simply reflect an underlying talent or quality?

In other words, ____ there really a Matthew effect after all?

When we realize we've said something in error and we pause to go ____ to correct it, we stop gesturing a couple of hundred milliseconds before we stop speaking.

Such sequences suggest the startling notion that our hands "know" what we're going ____ say before our conscious minds do, and in fact this is often the case.

Gesture can mentally prime a word so that ____ right term comes to our lips.

When people are ____ from gesturing, they talk less fluently; their speech becomes halting because their hands are no longer able to supply them with the next word, and the next.

Not being able to gesture has ____ deleterious effects: without gesture to help our mental processes along, we remember less useful information, we solve problems less well, and we are less able to explain our thinking.

Far from tagging ____ as speech's clumsy companion, gesture represents the leading edge of our thought.

Despite the difference between the past and the future, between what has happened and what is to come, it can be suggested, that our sense of the ____ has always been influenced by our view of the future.

Revolutionaries have always looked to the past to frame their future ____ as is amply illustrated by examples from nationalism to communism.

The future has often been seen as variously a recovery of a lost time, as a replication of what is established, or as a model bequeathed by a heroic age ____ gone.

The writing of history is based on understanding or explaining future ____ that were not known to contemporaries, since the historian has the benefit of hindsight and the past is nothing more than the accumulation of futures that are now our past.

So, rather than see the hand of the past always shaping the future, ____ it can be seen in reverse, with the past ─ in the sense of our understanding of it ─ being shaped by our orientation to the future.

Dictionaries are relatively good resources for anyone interested in finding out what a word ____

Using one set of words to define another word ____ called a lexical definition.

But it's important to understand ____ limits of dictionary definitions.

More often than not, ____ definition in a dictionary requires readers to have a fairly robust understanding of the language already at their disposal.

In ____ words, a dictionary functions in many cases as a cross-reference or translator between words one knows and words that one doesn't yet know.

Even the most obscure words in a dictionary, say, for example, "pulchritudinous" or "kalokagathia," must be defined using words that ____ reader already knows and understands.

Otherwise, the dictionary isn't ____ helpful.

The governments of virtually every country on the planet attach great importance to ____ food security and a wide variety of mechanisms have been developed to realize this goal.

The first issue governments face in achieving national food security is the problem of insuring that adequate amounts ____ food are available to the resident population.

Some governments have set goals of food self-sufficiency, which means most if not all of the food ____ in a country comes from the domestic farming system.

However, food security does not require food self-sufficiency because countries ____ import food items not easily produced within the country.

Agricultural products are, after all, highly sensitive to climatic, soil and ____ conditions that tend to vary around the world.

Even countries with extremely productive agricultural sectors are ____ fully self-sufficient in all food items.

The United States, for example, depends on imports for its ____ of coffee, tea, bananas and other tropical products.

In general, the problem of assuring adequate food supplies is solved by ____ on both domestic production and imports.

Stress not only affects physical disease but also the very structure of ____ brains, making us even more likely to experience a drained brain.

A number of studies have been done to reveal what happens in healthy ____ brains when they go through something stressful.

One study demonstrated a link between a smaller hippocampus and ____ who had experienced long-lasting stress.

Why does this ____

This ____ of the brain helps you remain resilient in the face of stress and is involved in mood regulation.

It also helps you to monitor the safety of your environment ____ store dangerous images in your longterm memory so you can avoid them in the future.

It does all these things as ____ of its duties of regulating your sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.

But chronic stress can confuse the hippocampus and lead to turning signals for ____ "on" instead of "off," which can trap you in a constant state of fight, flight, or freeze.

It is important ____ recognize that although science is a rule-based procedure, it is very much a creative process.

A conjecture is a philosophical invention, cooked up rather mystically by the mind through the ____ computation we call careful contemplation.

However, until ____ hypothesis is tested against reality, it is not yet truly knowledge; it is just information that represents speculation.

____ is information that has demonstrated its usefulness.

It is what is left ____ after cycles of experimental testing have eliminated false theories.

As scientists continually test their ____ and modify their models to account for new and surprising data, a kind of "learning loop" emerges that statisticians call Bayesian updating.

Based on Bayes' Rule, developed by eighteenth-century English statistician and philosopher Thomas Bayes, Bayesian updating refers to a mathematical process whereby an accepted theory or predictive model gets increasingly accurate through the repetitive testing of competing ____ of that theory.

As a general rule, it's better if your definition corresponds as closely as possible to the way in which the term is ordinarily used in the ____ of debates to which your claims are pertinent.

There will be, however, occasions where it is appropriate, ____ necessary, to coin special uses through what philosophers call stimulative definition.

This would be the case where the current ____ is not able to make distinctions that you think are philosophically important.

For example, we do not have ____ term in ordinary language that describes a memory that is not necessarily a memory of something the person having it has experienced.

Such a thing would occur, for example, if I could somehow ____ your memories:

I would ____ a memory-type experience, but this would not be of something that I had actually experienced.

To call this a ____ would be misleading.

For this reason, philosophers ____ coined the special term 'quasimemory' to refer to these hypothetical memory-like experiences.

Quite often the interaction between groups is socially ____ and this is reflected in the fact that in many cases borrowing of words or constructions goes mostly or entirely in one direction, from the more powerful or prestigious group to the less favored one.

The languages of socially subordinated groups may from quite an ____ period of contact provide terminology for objects or practices with which speakers of the more powerful group were previously unfamiliar, but the effects of contact in that direction may not progress any further than this.

In some cases, as with the Dharug language of Sydney, Australia, the source of some of the earliest loans from ____ Australian languages into English, the fate of the language system is extinction after the obliteration of many of its speakers.

The remainder shifted to varieties ____ English, the language of the people who had suppressed them.

Language borrowing from dominant to subordinate groups reflects social inequality, where the language systems of the latter often vanish ____ though they may have provided some terms, as exemplified by Dharug in Australia.

In 1900, at the close of the first decade in which electric systems had become a practical alternative for ____ less than 5 percent of the power used in factories came from electricity.

But the technological advances of suppliers made electric systems and electric motors ever more affordable and reliable, and the suppliers' intensive marketing programs also sped the adoption ____ the new technology.

Further accelerating the ____ was the rapid expansion in the number of skilled electrical engineers, who provided the expertise needed to install and run the new systems.

In short ____ electric power had gone from exotic to commonplace.

But one thing didn't ____

Factories continued ____ build their own power-supply systems on their own premises.

Few ____ considered buying electricity from the small central stations.

Designed to ____ lighting to local homes and shops, the central stations had neither the size nor the skill to serve the needs of big factories.

And the factory owners, having always supplied their ____ power, were loath to assign such a critical function to an outsider.

They knew that a glitch ____ power supply would bring their operations to a halt ─ and that a lot of glitches might well mean bankruptcy.

As the new century began, a survey found ____ there were already 50,000 private electric plants in operation, far surpassing the 3,600 central stations.