25년 3월 고2 모의고사 영어 변형문제 (31~42번)

The explosion of popular music in the second half of the twentieth century as well as the ____ circulation and dissemination of music by the creative industries propelled a new understanding of accessbility in relation to music.

Suddenly, in the 1950s, anyone could pick up spoons, a couple of pans, a second-hand guitar and ____ a band.

This led to specific genres such as skiffle, but also, more generally, reflected a much more relaxed and ____ attitude to music making.

While ordinary people had always sung and made music, the popular music movement was ____ by a spirit of rebellion and freedom.

This approach led to the punk movement, whose musicians ____ made it a condition for their music to be non-virtuosic and accessible to all in the 1970s.

____ who had been entirely excluded from music revelled in opportunities to create.

This led to a ____ of novelty and empowerment in and beyond the music sphere.

Great scientists are seldom ____ wonders.

Newton is a prime example: beyond the Newtonian mechanics, he developed the theory of gravitation, calculus, ____ of motion, and optimization.

In fact, well-known scientists are often involved in ____ discoveries, a phenomenon potentially explained by the Matthew effect.

Indeed, an initial success may offer a scientist legitimacy, improve peer perception, provide knowledge of how to score and win, enhance social status, and attract resources and quality collaborators, each of these payoffs further increasing her odds of ____ another win.

Yet, ____ is an appealing alternative explanation: Great scientists have multiple hits and consistently succeed in their scientific endeavors simply because they're exceptionally talented.

Therefore, future success again goes to those who have had success earlier, not because of ____ offered by the previous success, but because the earlier success was indicative of a hidden talent.

The Matthew effect posits that ____ alone increases the future probability of success, raising the question:

Does status dictate outcomes, or does it ____ reflect an underlying talent or quality?

In other words, is there really a ____ effect after all?

When we realize we've said something in error and we pause to go back to correct it, we stop gesturing a couple of ____ milliseconds before we stop speaking.

Such sequences suggest the startling notion that our ____ "know" what we're going to say before our conscious minds do, and in fact this is often the case.

Gesture ____ mentally prime a word so that the right term comes to our lips.

When people are prevented from gesturing, they talk less fluently; their speech becomes halting because their hands are no longer able to supply them with the next word, and the ____.

Not being able to gesture has other deleterious effects: without gesture to help our mental processes along, we remember less useful information, we solve problems less well, and we are ____ able to explain our thinking.

Far from tagging along as ____ clumsy companion, gesture represents the leading edge of our thought.

Despite the difference between the past and the future, between what has happened and what is to ____, it can be suggested, that our sense of the past has always been influenced by our view of the future.

Revolutionaries have always ____ to the past to frame their future cause, as is amply illustrated by examples from nationalism to communism.

The ____ has often been seen as variously a recovery of a lost time, as a replication of what is established, or as a model bequeathed by a heroic age long gone.

The writing of history is based on understanding or explaining future outcomes that were not known to contemporaries, since the historian has the benefit of hindsight and the past is nothing more than the ____ of futures that are now our past.

So, rather ____ see the hand of the past always shaping the future, perhaps it can be seen in reverse, with the past ─ in the sense of our understanding of it ─ being shaped by our orientation to the future.

Dictionaries are ____ good resources for anyone interested in finding out what a word means.

Using ____ set of words to define another word is called a lexical definition.

But it's important to understand the limits of dictionary ____.

More often than not, a definition in a dictionary requires readers to ____ a fairly robust understanding of the language already at their disposal.

In other words, a dictionary functions in many cases as a cross-reference or translator between ____ one knows and words that one doesn't yet know.

Even the most obscure words in a ____, say, for example, "pulchritudinous" or "kalokagathia," must be defined using words that the reader already knows and understands.

____, the dictionary isn't very helpful.

The governments of virtually every country on the planet attach great importance to achieving food security and a wide variety of mechanisms ____ been developed to realize this goal.

The first issue governments face in achieving national food security is the problem of insuring that adequate amounts of food are available to the ____ population.

Some governments have set goals of food self-sufficiency, which means most if ____ all of the food available in a country comes from the domestic farming system.

However, food security does not require ____ self-sufficiency because countries can import food items not easily produced within the country.

Agricultural products are, after all, highly sensitive to climatic, ____ and other conditions that tend to vary around the world.

Even countries with extremely productive agricultural sectors are not fully self-sufficient in all food ____.

The United States, for example, depends on imports for its supply of coffee, tea, bananas and other ____ products.

In general, the problem of assuring adequate food ____ is solved by relying on both domestic production and imports.

Stress not only affects physical disease but also the very structure of our brains, making us even more likely to experience a drained ____.

A number of studies have ____ done to reveal what happens in healthy people's brains when they go through something stressful.

One study demonstrated a link between a smaller hippocampus and people who ____ experienced long-lasting stress.

____ does this matter?

This part of the brain helps you ____ resilient in the face of stress and is involved in mood regulation.

It also helps you to monitor the safety of your environment and store dangerous images in your ____ memory so you can avoid them in the future.

It does all these things as part of its duties of regulating your sympathetic and parasympathetic ____ systems.

But chronic stress can confuse the hippocampus and lead to turning signals for cortisol "on" instead of "off," which can trap you in a constant state of ____, flight, or freeze.

It is important to recognize that although ____ is a rule-based procedure, it is very much a creative process.

A conjecture is a philosophical invention, cooked up rather mystically by the ____ through the mental computation we call careful contemplation.

However, until the hypothesis is tested against ____, it is not yet truly knowledge; it is just information that represents speculation.

Knowledge is information that has demonstrated its ____.

It is what is left over after ____ of experimental testing have eliminated false theories.

As scientists continually test their hypotheses and ____ their models to account for new and surprising data, a kind of "learning loop" emerges that statisticians call Bayesian updating.

Based on Bayes' Rule, developed by eighteenth-century English statistician and philosopher Thomas Bayes, ____ updating refers to a mathematical process whereby an accepted theory or predictive model gets increasingly accurate through the repetitive testing of competing variants of that theory.

As a ____ rule, it's better if your definition corresponds as closely as possible to the way in which the term is ordinarily used in the kinds of debates to which your claims are pertinent.

There will be, however, occasions where it is appropriate, ____ necessary, to coin special uses through what philosophers call stimulative definition.

This would be the case where the ____ lexicon is not able to make distinctions that you think are philosophically important.

For example, we do not have a term in ____ language that describes a memory that is not necessarily a memory of something the person having it has experienced.

Such a thing would occur, for ____, if I could somehow share your memories:

I would ____ a memory-type experience, but this would not be of something that I had actually experienced.

To ____ this a memory would be misleading.

For this reason, philosophers have coined the special term 'quasimemory' to refer to ____ hypothetical memory-like experiences.

____ often the interaction between groups is socially unequal, and this is reflected in the fact that in many cases borrowing of words or constructions goes mostly or entirely in one direction, from the more powerful or prestigious group to the less favored one.

The languages of socially subordinated groups may ____ quite an early period of contact provide terminology for objects or practices with which speakers of the more powerful group were previously unfamiliar, but the effects of contact in that direction may not progress any further than this.

In some cases, as with the Dharug language of Sydney, Australia, the source of some of the earliest loans from Indigenous Australian languages into English, the ____ of the language system is extinction after the obliteration of many of its speakers.

The remainder shifted to varieties of English, the language of the people ____ had suppressed them.

Language borrowing from dominant to subordinate groups reflects social inequality, where the language systems of the latter often vanish even though they may have provided some terms, as exemplified by Dharug in ____.

In 1900, at the close of the first decade in which electric systems had become a practical alternative for manufacturers, less ____ 5 percent of the power used in factories came from electricity.

But the technological advances of suppliers made electric ____ and electric motors ever more affordable and reliable, and the suppliers' intensive marketing programs also sped the adoption of the new technology.

Further accelerating the shift was the rapid expansion in the number of skilled electrical engineers, who provided the expertise needed to ____ and run the new systems.

In short order, electric power had gone ____ exotic to commonplace.

But one thing didn't ____.

Factories ____ to build their own power-supply systems on their own premises.

Few manufacturers considered buying electricity from the small central ____.

____ to supply lighting to local homes and shops, the central stations had neither the size nor the skill to serve the needs of big factories.

And the factory owners, having always supplied their own power, were loath to ____ such a critical function to an outsider.

They knew that a glitch in ____ supply would bring their operations to a halt ─ and that a lot of glitches might well mean bankruptcy.

As the new ____ began, a survey found that there were already 50,000 private electric plants in operation, far surpassing the 3,600 central stations.