2026학년도 수능특강 영어독해연습 1강 변형문제 (1~6번)

How are category ____ made when they don’t rely on typicality?

As an approach to this ____, let’s think through an example.

Consider a ____. Paint the lemon with red and white stripes.

Is it still a lemon? Most people ____ that it is.

Now, inject the lemon with sugar water, so it has a sweet ____.

Then, run over the lemon with a truck, so that ____ flat as a pancake.

What have we ____ at this point?

Do we have a striped, artificially sweet, ____ lemon?

Or do we ____ a non-lemon?

Most people still accept this poor, abused fruit as a lemon, but consider what this ____ involves.

We’ve taken steps to ____ this object more and more distant from the prototype and also very different from any specific lemon you’ve ever encountered.

But this seems not to shake your faith that the object ____ a lemon.

To be sure, we have a ____ lemon, an exceptional lemon, but it’s still a lemon.

Apparently, ____ can be a lemon with virtually no resemblance to other lemons.

There’s a reason so many of the studies that found that were incentives ____ motivation conducted with children.

Children are busy figuring ____ their likes and dislikes.

When I ____ my eight-year-old if he likes a subject at school, he needs to think about it; he doesn’t intuitively know the answer the way you might.

Children are relatively new to a ____ that’s largely controlled by adults, so many of the activities that occupy their days need explanation.

They might ask themselves, “Am I drawing because I like to draw or ____ my teacher made me draw?” or

“Does this food taste good to me or am I eating it ____ otherwise I won’t get dessert?”

Incentives give ____ the clues to start piecing together their likes and dislikes.

And if you’re a child, and an adult is willing to pay you to do something, that’s a ____ that you wouldn’t otherwise enjoy doing it.

Because both parties typically suffer ____ when a competition escalates to violence, contests between members of the same species are typically a blend of truth and exaggeration by each party intended to convince the other party to back down.

____ would disappear if there were no cost to testing one’s abilities against those of one’s opponent.

If we’re competing over the last slice of cake and I think I might be stronger ____ you, I’ll just punch you and find out.

But there is a notable cost to this test, as you are likely to punch me back — a bummer under the ____ of circumstances, but particularly so if you’re stronger than I am.

It is this ____ cost of competition that allows deceptive individuals to exaggerate their strengths and play down their weaknesses without necessarily getting caught.

This type of exaggeration can be seen throughout the animal ____, such as when moose or hyenas raise the hackles on their back to appear larger, or when crabs grow unnecessarily large claw shells that they do not fill with muscle.

Other people’s reactions can influence whether ____ one individual decides to help.

No one wants to foolishly rush to help in a case that ____ not be an emergency after all.

In fact, people sometimes fail to act because they fear ____ foolish in front of others.

So we ____ keep calm and check to see what others present are doing.

Of course, if everyone else is also keeping calm while they check the reactions of others, everyone ____ conclude that help is not needed or that norms make helping inappropriate.

In one series of ____, experimenters arranged for smoke to pour into a laboratory room in which students were sitting completing questionnaires.

____ the students were alone, their concern at the unusual situation soon led them to seek help.

But ____ two confederates in the room showed no reaction to the smoke, participants also did nothing.

When people notice that bystanders and passersby are unresponsive, that observation reduces the likelihood that they will ____.

____, one way that the presence of bystanders can influence helping is by suggesting that helping is contrary to norms.

There is a profound reason to start natural philosophy with the ancient Greeks rather than the older cultures (Egyptian, Babylonian, Indian, and ____), despite their many accomplishments.

Although these older cultures had technical knowledge, keen observational skills, and vast ____ of material and information, they failed to create natural philosophy because they did not separate the natural world from the supernatural world.

The religions of the old empires were predicated on the belief that the material world was controlled and inhabited by supernatural beings and forces, and that the reason for the behavior of these supernatural forces was ____ unknowable.

Although there were many technical developments in the societies of the four river cultures, the intellectual heritage was dominated by the priests, and their interest in the ____ world was an extension of their concepts of theology.

Many ancient civilizations, such as the Egyptian, Babylonian, and Aztec empires, spent a large proportion of ____ capital (covering such things as the time, wealth, skill, and public space of the society) on religious activity.

The processes of state formation and the centralization of government in early modern Europe involved the use of ____ amounts of information.

Historians have noted the rise of what the Canadian sociologist Dorothy Smith called ‘textually mediated forms of ruling’ such as writing letters, writing and annotating reports, issuing forms and questionnaires and so on, associated with ____ is variously known as the information state, archive state or paper state — now in the process of transforming itself into the digital state.

This process may be described as the rise of ‘____’ in the original sense of the term, the rule of the bureau, or office, and its officials.

These ____ both issued and followed written orders and recorded these orders in their files, together with the reports on the political situation at home and abroad that assisted decision-making.

The ruler on horseback was gradually transformed into the ruler sitting at his desk, as in the famous cases of Philip II of ____ in the sixteenth century and Louis XIV of France in the seventeenth.