2025년 9월 고3 모의고사 변형 (30-42번)

What is ____ river engineering?

One way to visualize its spirit is to liken it to a footpath in the ____.

____ a tree falls across a footpath.

A soft-path response would be simply to redirect the ____ around the fallen tree.

A more interventionist response would be to remove the ____ and restore the original route.

A still more interventionist response might be to straighten and pave the path to insert it ____ permanently in the landscape.

The true high-modernist step would, of course, be to create a superhighway that removes the landscape and ____ straight through all obstacles in the topography.

Soft-path engineering has the unique advantage of intellectual modesty with respect to what we actually know about river movement and its ____ effects.

In contrast to hard-path engineering, soft-path engineering accepts variability in the river's movement as significant until proven ____.

Backwaters, short-lived wetlands, braids and ____, swamps ─ all undesirable to hard-path engineering ─ are presumed by soft-path engineers to be ecologically important.

What is soft-path river ____?

One way to ____ its spirit is to liken it to a footpath in the forest.

Suppose a tree falls across a ____.

A soft-path response would be simply to redirect the ____ around the fallen tree.

A more ____ response would be to remove the tree and restore the original route.

A still more interventionist response might be to straighten and pave the ____ to insert it more permanently in the landscape.

The ____ high-modernist step would, of course, be to create a superhighway that removes the landscape and bulldozes straight through all obstacles in the topography.

Soft-path engineering has the unique advantage of intellectual modesty with respect to what we actually know about river ____ and its environmental effects.

In contrast to hard-path engineering, soft-path ____ accepts variability in the river's movement as significant until proven otherwise.

Backwaters, short-lived wetlands, braids and channels, swamps ─ all undesirable to hard-path engineering ─ are presumed by ____ engineers to be ecologically important.

We know that animals have ____ a variety of patterns to manipulate the perceptions of their predators to afford themselves a modicum of safety.

Greater Bower birds utilize ____ biases in the mating domain.

Males construct a bower; its function is to provide an arena in which males display to females standing in an ____ that leads up to the bower.

The ____ decorate the avenue with a variety of objects, such as stones and shells.

But they do not do so in a chaotic ____.

The larger objects are placed closer to the bower and the smaller objects ____ away.

This creates a forced perspective the opposite of the Cinderella Castle; the bower appears smaller than it ____ is.

Endler and his colleagues suggested that the male courting in the ____ now appears larger and thus more attractive to the female.

Data on male mating ____ collected in the wild supports their hypothesis.

Although empathy is widely praised by scholars and public figures, not everyone is an empathy ____.

Critics of empathy argue that empathy ____ not save us from interpersonal and intergroup conflict.

In fact, they argue, ____ makes such conflicts worse.

These critics maintain that empathy can be exhausting and lead to burnout, ____ to suffering, or worse.

They argue that we tend to empathize strongly with our in-group and resist ____ with out-groups, and even enjoy the suffering of out-groups in competitive or threatening contexts.

Thus, the prescription for ____ empathy is often counterproductive in cases of conflict.

Empathy, they argue, can further entrench conflict and force us into an us vs. ____ mentality.

Finally, even when we try to empathize with ____ who are dissimilar from us or in unfamiliar contexts, sometimes we are unable to accurately empathize with their experiences, causing further misunderstandings and frustration.

Critics of empathy argue that we should give up on empathy and ____ other tools in pursuit of social harmony, e.g., rational compassion or moral emotions like fear, anger, and shame.

Compared to other ecosystems, ____ are relatively diverse, but this should not necessarily be a justification for converting nonforests into forests.

Wetlands, meadows, and grasslands have a unique biota too, even if it is often ____ as rich as a forest biota.

The ecological problems of this process have been described from a number of places such as Iceland, South Africa, and ____, but the classic example of this comes from Scotland and northern England.

Here the Forestry Commission has ____, fertilized, and fenced extensive areas of wetlands to facilitate turning them into forests.

____ the extent of forests in Britain is certainly a desirable goal, and most of the Forestry Commission's efforts are directed toward sites that were forested before sheep and their keepers came to the island.

However, ecologists frequently complain about the Commission's work because it is not restricted to former forest sites, because the forests established are usually composed of exotic ____, and because the wildlife threatened by this activity includes many uncommon species.

When gathering the preferences of multiple agents into one collective choice, it is ____ seen that certain cases call for randomization or other means of tiebreaking.

For example, if there are two alternatives, a and b, and two agents such that one ____ a and the other one b, there is no deterministic way of selecting a single alternative without violating one of two basic fairness conditions known as anonymity and neutrality.

Anonymity requires that the collective ____ ought to be independent of the agents' identities whereas neutrality requires impartiality towards the alternatives.

Allowing lotteries as social outcomes hence seems like a necessity for ____ collective choice.

____, most common "deterministic" social choice functions such as plurality rule are only deterministic as long as there is no tie, which is usually resolved by drawing a lot.

The use of lotteries for the selection of officials interestingly goes back to the world's first ____ in Athens, where it was widely regarded as a principal characteristic of democracy, and has recently gained increasing attention in political science.

All workers need access to mentors that can provide ____ with valuable information about their job, their workplace, and the resources that are available within their organization.

Mentors also provide much ____ psychosocial support.

Having a diverse network of mentors is important for dominant and minority ____ members alike.

Minority group members need diverse mentors so that they can gain insight into what it means to be employed by a particular ____ or in a particular field or profession.

____ workers benefit by having a network of diverse mentors because it increases their understanding and sensitivity to the unique realities of diverse workers and their own identity, and perhaps even their own forms of privilege.

The ____ goal of these mentoring opportunities is to have individuals be more informed, identified, and engaged in their work and in their organization.

Traditionally, when teachers teach writing, they assign topics for students to write on; ____ they do a bit of brainstorming about the topic during a pre-writing phase, and then have students write about the topic without interruption.

Subsequently, teachers collect and evaluate what ____ have written.

____ instruction is very 'product-oriented;' there is no involvement of the teacher in the act or 'process' of writing.

In process writing, on the other hand, students may initially ____ ideas about a topic and begin writing, but then they have repeated conferences with the teacher and the other students, during which they receive feedback on their writing up to that point, make revisions, based on the feedback they receive, and carry on writing.

In this way, students ____ to view their writing as someone else's reading and to improve both the expression of meaning and the form of their writing as they draft and redraft.

Process writing ____ the emphasis in teaching writing from evaluation to revision.

Perhaps at some point you have seen some ____ writing and not understood it.

You would not be the first; rest assured, even professional mathematicians ____ have to rely on discussions with colleagues to properly understand problems they are looking at.

But how do ____ recognise some writing is mathematical in the first place?

The ____ notations that might spring to mind ─ all those strange dashes, squiggles and letters ─ are obvious signs, but a lot of those are really quite modern.

Mathematics had been going on for a long ____ before the dashes and squiggles were invented.

Put simply, there has to be something mathematical going on for us to ____ that it is mathematics.

And if we are dealing with writing from a very distant past, in a language that is not familiar to us, from a time even before recorded language, that can be ____ difficult to recognise.

It is worth pointing out that leaves don't drop to the ground because they are dying ─ rather, the tree initiates an active ____ of clever recycling called senescence.

A tree, like an oak for example, would struggle to survive through a harsh ____ if it retained its canopy of leaves.

It would risk damage from strong ____ winds and would lose more water from its leaves than it could draw up from the frozen ground.

If it ____ blow over, it would die of thirst.

As winter approaches, the length of the day shortens, the temperature drops, and plants, including trees, can detect this ____.

It ____ to them that it is time to lose their leaves.

First, however, trees carefully suck all of the useful nutrients out of the ____ and then, with surgical precision, block up that pathway into the leaves.

That blocked pathway at the base of the leaf stem creates a weakness and, in the wind, the leaves snap off and ____ to the ground.

Historians use evidence in order to understand what happened and why it ____.

In architectural history this evidence may take the form of the buildings themselves or their remains, and documents such as plans, drawings, descriptions, ____ or bills.

Our picture of any period of ____ is derived from a multitude of sources, such as the paintings, literature, deeds, buildings and other artefacts that have survived.

The problem of survival lies at the root of many of the historian's problems, for what has survived may not necessarily be more significant than ____ has not survived.

The Egyptian pyramids have survived thousands of years, but historical ____ is not just a question of durability.

These buildings were part of a rich and diverse culture, much of which has been ____.

They are historical ____, but facts by themselves, even such massive facts as the pyramids, are just the first stage in any historical study, and until they have been evaluated, placed in context and interpreted, they tell us little.

____ historians may place different values on the same facts, and the discovery of new evidence may modify or change existing theories and interpretations.

In most fiction, ____' lives are limited to the individual work.

Readers may disagree on the characteristics and traits of fictional figures, and in ____ there is room for different interpretations of characters.

However, it is less common for characters in literary fiction to reappear in subsequent works than in genre fiction, ____ series featuring the same central characters are common.

This is even more pronounced in comics, which are typically serialized in ____ strips or comic books.

Thus characters introduced in the 1930s, ____ Superman and Batman, may still enjoy new adventures decades later.

During these characters' long histories, they change in ____ ways for a variety of reasons.

If a character is created by a single author, like Sherlock Holmes, the character's core traits ____ change little from story to story, but readers learn more about him with each successive story.

On the other hand, if characters are the work of several hands over ____, they may change considerably.

While characters in most literary fiction hardly ever feature in successive works, those in ____ fiction and comics often do so, and may undergo transformation in their traits especially when written about by different authors over time.

While social presence has evolved through many iterations since its first development within the context of the landline ____, the perception or feeling of being connected with the other person within the context of the conversation has persisted.

Some research has explored specific technologies and the extent to which their characteristics lead to a ____ of social presence.

For example, some researchers have studied the "richness" of the media, or the number of cues available to ____ social presence.

A telephone call, which provides for ____ cues and immediate feedback, is potentially richer than an email, which provides only textual cues and no immediate feedback.

Videoconferencing would be considered richer than the phone because of the addition of visual cues, making it closer to replicating a perceived gold ____ of face-to-face, in-person social presence.

Researchers have suggested that successful managers would choose rich media for confusing or ambiguous messages and lean or less rich media for messages that were ____ routine in nature.

For example, if you wanted to discuss a complicated client agreement, it would be best to choose a ____ meeting.

In contrast, if you were going to inform your team about a change in meeting ____ from 3:00 to 3:30, you might send out a generic email to everyone.

These different channels of communication were considered by ____ as a type of container that the message comes in.

To be a good communicator, you ____ to choose the right container.