2025년 9월 고3 모의고사 변형 (30-42번)

What is soft-path river ____

One way to visualize its spirit is to liken ____ to a footpath in the forest.

Suppose a tree falls across ____ footpath.

A soft-path response would be simply ____ redirect the trail around the fallen tree.

A more interventionist response would be to remove the tree and restore the original ____

A still more interventionist response might be to straighten and pave the path to insert ____ more permanently in the landscape.

The true high-modernist step would, of course, be to create a superhighway that removes the landscape and bulldozes straight through all obstacles in the ____

Soft-path engineering has the unique advantage of intellectual modesty ____ respect to what we actually know about river movement and its environmental effects.

In contrast to hard-path engineering, soft-path engineering accepts ____ in the river's movement as significant until proven otherwise.

Backwaters, short-lived wetlands, braids and channels, swamps ─ all undesirable to hard-path engineering ─ are presumed by soft-path engineers to be ecologically ____

____ is soft-path river engineering?

One way to visualize its spirit is to liken it to ____ footpath in the forest.

Suppose ____ tree falls across a footpath.

A soft-path response would be simply to ____ the trail around the fallen tree.

A more interventionist response would ____ to remove the tree and restore the original route.

A still more interventionist ____ might be to straighten and pave the path to insert it more permanently in the landscape.

The true high-modernist step would, of course, be to create a superhighway that removes the landscape and bulldozes ____ through all obstacles in the topography.

____ engineering has the unique advantage of intellectual modesty with respect to what we actually know about river movement and its environmental effects.

____ contrast to hard-path engineering, soft-path engineering accepts variability in the river's movement as significant until proven otherwise.

Backwaters, short-lived wetlands, ____ and channels, swamps ─ all undesirable to hard-path engineering ─ are presumed by soft-path engineers to be ecologically important.

We know that animals have evolved a variety of patterns to manipulate the ____ of their predators to afford themselves a modicum of safety.

Greater Bower birds utilize perceptual biases in ____ mating domain.

Males construct a bower; its function is to provide an arena in which males display ____ females standing in an avenue that leads up to the bower.

The males decorate the avenue with a variety ____ objects, such as stones and shells.

____ they do not do so in a chaotic manner.

____ larger objects are placed closer to the bower and the smaller objects farther away.

This creates a ____ perspective the opposite of the Cinderella Castle; the bower appears smaller than it actually is.

Endler ____ his colleagues suggested that the male courting in the bower now appears larger and thus more attractive to the female.

Data on male mating success collected in the wild supports their ____

Although empathy is widely praised by ____ and public figures, not everyone is an empathy booster.

Critics of empathy argue that empathy will not ____ us from interpersonal and intergroup conflict.

In fact, they ____ empathy makes such conflicts worse.

These critics maintain that empathy can be ____ and lead to burnout, insensitivity to suffering, or worse.

They argue that we tend to empathize strongly with ____ in-group and resist empathizing with out-groups, and even enjoy the suffering of out-groups in competitive or threatening contexts.

Thus, ____ prescription for more empathy is often counterproductive in cases of conflict.

Empathy, they argue, can further entrench conflict and force us ____ an us vs. them mentality.

Finally, even when we try to empathize with others who are dissimilar from us or in unfamiliar contexts, sometimes we are unable to accurately empathize with ____ experiences, causing further misunderstandings and frustration.

Critics of empathy argue that we should give up on empathy and employ other tools in pursuit of social harmony, e.g., rational compassion ____ moral emotions like fear, anger, and shame.

____ to other ecosystems, forests are relatively diverse, but this should not necessarily be a justification for converting nonforests into forests.

Wetlands, meadows, and grasslands have a unique biota too, even if it is often not as rich ____ a forest biota.

The ecological problems of this process have been ____ from a number of places such as Iceland, South Africa, and Australia, but the classic example of this comes from Scotland and northern England.

Here the Forestry Commission has drained, fertilized, and ____ extensive areas of wetlands to facilitate turning them into forests.

Increasing the ____ of forests in Britain is certainly a desirable goal, and most of the Forestry Commission's efforts are directed toward sites that were forested before sheep and their keepers came to the island.

However, ____ frequently complain about the Commission's work because it is not restricted to former forest sites, because the forests established are usually composed of exotic trees, and because the wildlife threatened by this activity includes many uncommon species.

When gathering the preferences of multiple agents into one collective ____ it is easily seen that certain cases call for randomization or other means of tiebreaking.

For example, if there are two alternatives, a and b, and two agents such that one prefers a and the other one b, there is no deterministic way of selecting a single alternative without violating ____ of two basic fairness conditions known as anonymity and neutrality.

Anonymity requires that the collective choice ought to ____ independent of the agents' identities whereas neutrality requires impartiality towards the alternatives.

Allowing lotteries as ____ outcomes hence seems like a necessity for impartial collective choice.

Indeed, most common "deterministic" social choice functions such as plurality rule are only deterministic as long as there is no tie, which is usually resolved ____ drawing a lot.

The use of lotteries for the selection of officials interestingly goes back to the world's first democracy in Athens, where it was widely regarded as a principal characteristic of democracy, and has recently gained ____ attention in political science.

All workers need access to mentors that can provide them with valuable information about their job, their workplace, and the ____ that are available within their organization.

Mentors also provide much needed ____ support.

Having ____ diverse network of mentors is important for dominant and minority group members alike.

Minority group members need diverse mentors so that they can gain insight into ____ it means to be employed by a particular organization or in a particular field or profession.

Majority workers benefit by having a network of diverse mentors because it increases their understanding and sensitivity ____ the unique realities of diverse workers and their own identity, and perhaps even their own forms of privilege.

The ultimate goal of these mentoring opportunities is ____ have individuals be more informed, identified, and engaged in their work and in their organization.

Traditionally, when teachers teach writing, they assign topics for students to write on; perhaps they do a bit of brainstorming about the topic during a ____ phase, and then have students write about the topic without interruption.

____ teachers collect and evaluate what students have written.

Such instruction is very 'product-oriented;' there is no involvement of the teacher in the act or 'process' ____ writing.

In process writing, on the other hand, students may initially brainstorm ideas about a topic and begin writing, but then they have repeated conferences with the teacher and the other students, during which they receive feedback on ____ writing up to that point, make revisions, based on the feedback they receive, and carry on writing.

In this way, students learn to view their writing as someone else's reading and to improve both the expression of meaning and the form of their writing as they draft ____ redraft.

Process writing shifts the emphasis in ____ writing from evaluation to revision.

Perhaps at some point you have seen ____ mathematical writing and not understood it.

You would not be the first; rest assured, even professional mathematicians sometimes have to rely ____ discussions with colleagues to properly understand problems they are looking at.

But how do you recognise some writing is mathematical in the ____ place?

The complicated notations ____ might spring to mind ─ all those strange dashes, squiggles and letters ─ are obvious signs, but a lot of those are really quite modern.

____ had been going on for a long time before the dashes and squiggles were invented.

Put simply, there has to be something mathematical going on for ____ to say that it is mathematics.

And if we are dealing with writing from a very distant past, in a language that is not familiar to us, from a time even before recorded language, that can be ____ difficult to recognise.

It is worth pointing out that leaves don't drop to the ground because they are dying ─ rather, ____ tree initiates an active process of clever recycling called senescence.

A tree, like an oak for example, would struggle to survive through ____ harsh winter if it retained its canopy of leaves.

It would risk damage from strong winter winds and would lose more water from its leaves than it could draw up from the frozen ____

If ____ didn't blow over, it would die of thirst.

As winter approaches, the length of the ____ shortens, the temperature drops, and plants, including trees, can detect this change.

It signals to them that it ____ time to lose their leaves.

First, however, trees carefully suck all of the useful nutrients out of the leaves and ____ with surgical precision, block up that pathway into the leaves.

That blocked pathway at the base of the leaf stem creates a weakness and, in the wind, the leaves snap ____ and fall to the ground.

Historians use evidence in order to ____ what happened and why it happened.

In architectural history this evidence may take the form of the buildings themselves or their remains, and documents such as plans, ____ descriptions, diaries or bills.

Our picture of any period of history is derived from a multitude of sources, such as the ____ literature, deeds, buildings and other artefacts that have survived.

The problem of survival lies at the root of many of the historian's problems, for what has survived may not necessarily be more significant than what has not ____

The Egyptian pyramids ____ survived thousands of years, but historical significance is not just a question of durability.

These buildings ____ part of a rich and diverse culture, much of which has been lost.

They ____ historical facts, but facts by themselves, even such massive facts as the pyramids, are just the first stage in any historical study, and until they have been evaluated, placed in context and interpreted, they tell us little.

____ historians may place different values on the same facts, and the discovery of new evidence may modify or change existing theories and interpretations.

In most fiction, characters' lives are limited to the ____ work.

Readers may disagree on the characteristics and traits of fictional ____ and in drama there is room for different interpretations of characters.

However, it is less common for characters in literary fiction to reappear in subsequent works than in genre fiction, where series featuring the ____ central characters are common.

This is even more pronounced in comics, which are typically serialized in newspaper ____ or comic books.

Thus characters introduced in the 1930s, like Superman and Batman, may still ____ new adventures decades later.

During these characters' long ____ they change in various ways for a variety of reasons.

If a character is created by a single author, like Sherlock Holmes, the character's core traits may change little from story to story, but readers learn more about him ____ each successive story.

____ the other hand, if characters are the work of several hands over decades, they may change considerably.

While characters in most literary fiction hardly ever feature in successive works, those in genre fiction and comics often do so, and may undergo transformation in their traits ____ when written about by different authors over time.

While social presence has evolved through many iterations since its first development within the ____ of the landline telephone, the perception or feeling of being connected with the other person within the context of the conversation has persisted.

Some research has explored specific technologies and the extent to which their characteristics ____ to a feeling of social presence.

For example, some researchers have studied the "richness" of ____ media, or the number of cues available to convey social presence.

A telephone call, which provides ____ audio cues and immediate feedback, is potentially richer than an email, which provides only textual cues and no immediate feedback.

Videoconferencing would be considered richer than the phone because of ____ addition of visual cues, making it closer to replicating a perceived gold standard of face-to-face, in-person social presence.

Researchers have suggested that successful managers would choose rich media for confusing or ambiguous messages and lean or less rich media for messages that ____ more routine in nature.

For example, if you wanted to discuss a complicated client agreement, it would be best ____ choose a face-to-face meeting.

In contrast, if you were going to inform your team about a change in meeting time ____ 3:00 to 3:30, you might send out a generic email to everyone.

These different channels of communication were considered ____ researchers as a type of container that the message comes in.

To be a good communicator, you need to choose ____ right container.