2026 수특 영독연 4강 변형문제 (1~6번)

Let’s start with the statement “Humans are causing climate change by ____ fossil fuels.”

It is the basis upon which people all over the world, including me, are calling for the ____ end to fossil fuel use and the transition to carbon-emission-free energy sources.

It’s a pretty ____ statement, and it is very different from saying that the climate is changing — what scientists call “detection.”

If ____ going to argue for a massive change in human society, which is what will be required to end our use of fossil fuels, it seems reasonable to ask that we move beyond detection.

____ all, fossil fuels, despite their problems, have provided tremendous benefits to society over the twentieth century.

If ____ (the climate-concerned public) are going to insist that we stop using fossil fuels, it is incumbent upon us to prove that the downside is greater than the very real upside that fossil fuels have offered.

We need to prove, beyond a reasonable doubt, that climate is changing and that human use of fossil fuels, not something else, is responsible for the climate change we ____ observing.

We need attribution in addition ____ detection.

The grammatical structure of a language is a ‘social fact’ in Durkheim’s sense of being external to and ____ for individual speakers.

It is independent of their subjective preferences and ____ must follow the rules if they are to be understood.

____ the grammatical rules of gender, agreement, number, subject and object, possessive, and so on are not, in general, consciously followed and applied by the individuals who speak to each other.

Speakers typically have only a very limited and partial awareness of ____ rules of their own grammar, and speaking grammatically is a matter of unreflective habit rather than conscious rule following.

The grammatical rules of a language, then, do ____ exist apart from the minds of the individual speakers.

They may be formulated ____ a book of grammar, but such a book records the grammar — more or less imperfectly — and does not comprise the grammar.

The rules that are followed in forming a ‘correct’ utterance and a well-organised discourse exist ____ in the minds of the individual speakers as learned dispositions held in the neurophysiological memory traces of their brains.

When environment involves human interests, it must necessarily be understood in relation to humans and not as an assemblage ____ independent objects.

We can find support for ____ in the work of social psychologists such as Kurt Lewin and J. J. Gibson.

Lewin envisioned a social world comprised of vectors of force between participants and the things and conditions with which ____ interact.

These vectors invite particular behaviors, and this led Lewin to call them by the German term affordungsqualitaten, ____ into English as “invitational qualities.”

More recently, the perceptual psychologist J. J. ____ studied the ways in which the design and appearance of environmental configurations and objects encourage particular responses in human behavior.

He called ____ connections “affordances” for behavior, clearly influenced by Lewin’s terminology and resembling his observations.

The work of Lewin and Gibson is important and instructive, for it suggests that environment ____ not just open space filled with arrangements of independent objects but rather is a field of forces in compelling relationships of attraction, repulsion, and neutrality or indifference.

Environment ____ then, a field that includes the human participant.

____ many journalism scholars have argued, print-era journalists rejected audience research because doing so was one of the only means to protect their always-unstable professional status.

Sociologist Andrew ____ has characterized professions as “somewhat exclusive groups of individuals applying somewhat abstract knowledge to particular cases.”

Although it is commonly categorized as a profession, journalism has long struggled ____ comfortably inhabit this definition.

Even before the rise of the internet helped shift institutional gatekeeping power away from news organizations and toward technology platforms, journalists had difficulty establishing themselves as a “somewhat exclusive ____ of individuals.”

Indeed, while traditional professions such as medicine and law rely on strict licensing ____ to limit entry into the profession, the First Amendment prohibits U.S. journalism from establishing any such thing.

Nor can journalists lay a strong ____ to jurisdiction over a form of abstract knowledge.

As journalism scholar Matt Carlson has argued, “abstraction makes for bad ____

Clarity, especially in the explanation of complex topics, makes for ____ journalism.”

The accessibility of journalistic language is helpful for informing the public, but it also renders ____ claims to specialized expertise potentially suspect.

Management, especially of anything as complex as ____ transportation system, is very difficult.

____ are often many different organizations involved, each of which has multiple divisions, with multiple levels of authority, and often many lengthy, written procedure manuals.

To make matters worse, the manuals are ____ kept up to date and, in any event, cannot possibly consider every combination of factors that might occur.

During the incident, ____ people responsible for maintaining control (the pilots, in most commercial aviation incidents) waste valuable time studying the different manuals, trying to find the relevant case.

Modern computer systems attempt to help by automatically diagnosing the situation and either responding autonomously or ____ operators the instructions to be followed,

but the diagnosis or recommended course of actions is not always ____ (because in each complex system, most accidents involve different unique factors).

Different organizations might be involved: police and ____ company safety representatives, multiple teams from different divisions of a company, and different companies or government and regulatory agencies who must coordinate their decisions and actions.

____ is rare that the result is smooth, flawless management.

Age is ____ the only determinant of spatial skills.

While thirteen-year-old children have all the cognitive attributes ____ need to be proficient at wayfinding, some are better at it than others.

By this point, parental attitudes, freedom of movement, cognitive differences ____ life experience have already begun to leave their imprint, and they never ease off.

All of us may be explorers when we’re born, but few ____ us stay that way.

We end up suppressing our ____ natures, slipping into routines and following the routes we always take.

A recent study by Canadian psychologists found that 84 per cent of eight-year-olds navigate by scrutinizing their surroundings and building a mental map, a so-called ‘spatial’ strategy that is also used by almost all ____ adult navigators.

The alternative is a more closed, ‘egocentric’ strategy, which entails learning and following a sequence of ____

Only 46 percent of us still ____ the spatial approach in our twenties, and 39 per cent in our sixties.

It seems that we ____ start off wandering free, but most of us end up on the straight and narrow.

Life has a way ____ clipping our wings.