2026 수능특강 영어독해연습 4강
7 인간처럼 구문을 사용하는 일본 박새의 노래
The bird songs we hear every ____ are more than beautiful.
They serve a ____ purpose.
Birds employ their voices to call their mates, find ____ flock, claim territory, scare off intruders, warn others about predators, and for countless other functions.
For instance, Japanese and Swiss researchers recently discovered that Japanese ____ tits, small birds with jet-black heads and necks with prominent white cheeks, use syntax in their songs, just as humans do in their speech.
Syntax is crucial to language. For example, if you say, “I ____ that restaurant,” the message is clear.
But not even Star Wars’ ____ Yoda could understand, “Restaurant love that I.” Until recently, scientists believed that only humans could string together such vocalizations.
The Japanese great tit, it ____ out, is the first animal apart from humans who can use phonological syntax — the ability to combine sounds that individually have no meaning into a collective sound — that does.
To instruct other members of his flock to scan for predators, or to attract a mate, a great tit must sing several distinct notes in the correct order ____ if the notes are sung differently, the study found, other birds will not react.
8 불안에 대한 유전자의 역할
When an ____ is confronted with some sort of threat, it typically becomes vigilant, searches to gain information about the nature of the threat, struggles to find an effective coping response.
And once a signal indicates safety ____ the lion has been evaded, the traffic cop buys the explanation and doesn’t issue a ticket — the organism can relax.
But this is not what occurs in an anxious ____
Instead, there is a nervous scrambling among coping ____ — abruptly shifting from one to another without checking whether anything has worked, an agitated attempt to cover all the bases and attempt a variety of responses simultaneously.
Or there is an inability to detect when the safety ____ occurs, and the restless vigilance keeps going.
By definition, anxiety makes little sense outside the context of ____ the environment is doing to an individual.
In that framework, the brain chemicals ____ ultimately, the genes relevant to anxiety don’t make you anxious.
They make you more responsive to anxiety-provoking situations, make it harder to detect safety signals ____ the environment.
9 확률을 예측하는 아기
Babies use statistical learning to make predictions about the ____ guiding their actions.
Like little ____ they form hypotheses, assess probabilities based on their knowledge, integrate new evidence from the environment, and perform tests.
In one creative study by the developmental psychologist Fei Xu, ten- to fourteen-month-old ____ first expressed a preference for pink or black lollipops, then were shown two candy jars:
one ____ more black lollipops than pink, and one with more pink than black.
The experimenter then closed her eyes and drew one lollipop from each jar so infants could see only the stick, not the ____
Each lollipop ____ placed into a separate, opaque cup with only the stick showing.
Infants crawled to the cup that was statistically more likely to contain their preferred color, because ____ came from a jar where that color was in the majority.
Experiments like this demonstrate that infants are ____ merely reactive to the world.
Even from a very young age, they actively estimate probabilities based on patterns that they observe and learn, to ____ the outcomes they desire.
10 냄새의 기능
David Howes, a ____ of anthropology, notes the frequent association in different cultures between scents and rituals of transition, such as funerals or rites of passage.
He suggests that scent is felt to be symbolically appropriate for moments of social transition because it so frequently accompanies and marks ____ types of physical transition,
as when cooking smells signal the transformation of raw ingredients into ____
While scents tend to escape spaces and spread out of human control, our experience of them is frequently ____ as we notice scents far more strongly when first entering their range.
You smell baking bread strongly as ____ enter a house, but after a few minutes inside, you may no longer be able to smell it even with deliberate effort, a physical process known as olfactory adaptation or exhaustion.
It takes an overwhelming ____ to retain our notice after a period of constant exposure.
Smells signal transitions through space as well as changes of ____ and are thus used to mark socially important moments of change.
11 다양한 접근 방식의 필요성
Variability in judgments is expected and welcome in a competitive situation in which the best judgments will be ____
____ several companies (or several teams in the same organization) compete to generate innovative solutions to the same customer problem, we don’t want them to focus on the same approach.
The same is true when multiple teams of ____ attack a scientific problem, such as the development of a vaccine: we very much want them to look at it from different angles.
Even forecasters sometimes behave ____ competitive players.
The analyst who correctly calls a recession that no one ____ has anticipated is sure to gain fame, whereas the one who never strays from the agreement remains unnoticed.
In such settings, variability in ideas and judgments is again welcome, because ____ is only the first step.
In a second phase, the results of these judgments will be pitted against ____ another, and the best will triumph.
In a market ____ in nature, selection cannot work without variation.
12 철저한 사전 조사
Intelligent failures begin ____ preparation.
No scientist wants to ____ time or materials on experiments that have been run before and failed.
Do your homework. The ____ intelligent failure is hypothesis driven.
You’ve taken the time to ____ through what might happen — why you have reason to believe that you could be right about what will happen.
My Harvard ____ Thomas Eisenmann, an entrepreneurship expert, finds that many start-up failures are caused by the skipping of basic homework.
For example, Triangulate, an ____ dating start-up, rushed to launch fully functional offerings that didn’t fit any market needs.
Eager ____ launch fast, founders skipped the research — customer interviews to probe for unmet needs.
Paying no attention to that crucial ____ the company paid the price.
Thomas attributes this common failure, in part, to “the ‘fail fast’ mantra,” which overemphasizes ____ shortchanging preparation.
Moreover, while this might seem self-evident, once ____ done the homework, you must pay attention to what it’s telling you.