2026 수특 영독연 5강 변형문제 (1~6번)

Cooperation is ____ hallmark of human society.

Not merely do people behave considerately toward complete strangers, they sometimes make substantial financial and even physical ____ for them.

Such behavior seems impossible to explain with classic models of the evolution of altruism where cooperation between unrelated others can ____ only when the same individuals interact repeatedly.

However, new models of the evolution of human sociality and the results of experiments to test them suggest that a sense of fairness and other foundations of morality ____ deep evolutionary roots.

Such models consider processes at the level of groups of individuals, ____ without relying on the discredited notion of group selection in which individuals act “for the good of the group.”

Genes promoting prosocial ____ in individuals can arise when groups compete in ways argued to be characteristic of the early stages of human evolution.

In particular, such conditions may have promoted the evolution of strong reciprocity, a tendency to cooperate with anonymous unrelated others and to punish those who do not do the same even when doing so ____ costly to the punisher.

Cooperation is a ____ of human society.

Not merely do people behave considerately toward complete strangers, they sometimes make substantial financial and even physical ____ for them.

Such behavior seems impossible to ____ with classic models of the evolution of altruism where cooperation between unrelated others can arise only when the same individuals interact repeatedly.

However, new models of the evolution of human sociality and the results of experiments ____ test them suggest that a sense of fairness and other foundations of morality have deep evolutionary roots.

Such models consider processes at the level of groups of individuals, but without relying on the discredited notion of group selection in which individuals act “for the good of ____ group.”

Genes promoting prosocial tendencies in individuals can arise ____ groups compete in ways argued to be characteristic of the early stages of human evolution.

In particular, such conditions may have promoted the evolution of strong reciprocity, a tendency to cooperate with anonymous unrelated others and to punish those who do not do the same even when doing so is costly to the ____

On the one hand, the astonishing success of modern science in predicting and explaining the world seems to justify relying on it and bestowing extraordinary power to scientific ____ (especially in the form of public funding).

On the other hand, ____ dominant societal position of science risks marginalizing alternative forms of knowledge acquisition.

It’s not clear that ____ still is a fair competition between science and its alternatives;

and it’s not straightforward that science ____ to prove its epistemic superiority in the 21st century in a way comparable to the period of the scientific revolution (16th-18th centuries).

This is Paul Feyerabend’s major argument in Science in a Free Society, which he casts as: “today science prevails not because of its comparative merits, ____ because the show has been rigged in its favour.”

So, Feyerabend insists, the fact that science has been the most appropriate means for addressing problems in the past doesn’t warrant that it’s also ____ most reliable form of knowledge acquisition for our current and future problems.

A hallmark of immigrant parents that has been found across socioeconomic groups and countries of origin is that first-generation immigrant parents place a ____ value on the educational achievement of their adolescent children.

Immigrant parents tend to view earning good grades, finishing high school, and attending college as the primary means through which their children can establish themselves in their ____ of destination.

Compared to native-born parents with similar education levels, ____ parents have been found to have higher educational aspirations for their children.

Immigrant adolescents internalize their parents’ values ____ the importance of education and tend to study more and devote more effort to their schoolwork than do nonimmigrant adolescents.

During adolescence, immigrants’ peer groups often become ____ segregated from nonimmigrants’ peer groups, with the immigrant adolescents supporting their peers’ academic achievement, particularly for higher SES (socioeconomic status) adolescents.

In ____ speaking, delivery with little or no preparation is called impromptu speaking.

You engage in impromptu speaking every day as you communicate thoughts and ideas that spring up in ____ moment with no preparation or practice whatsoever.

For example, when you answer a question in class or speak up ____ a meeting of a campus organization, you’re using impromptu speaking.

In this respect, impromptu speaking is simply another way to use the basic communication skills you already ____ and use regularly.

Learning ____ to express yourself on the spot without relying on research, extensive preparation, or notes will help you do well in your public speaking class and in less-structured speaking situations beyond the classroom.

In addition, developing your impromptu speaking skills increases ____ confidence and decreases your speaking anxiety in any presentation context.

In principle, there is an intuitively plausible ____ between profit and team quality. Fans like to watch exciting games where the outcome is uncertain.

This is a result of ____ balance between the opponents.

Tight, hard-fought games are more ____ to watch than lopsided games in which the outcome is never in doubt.

However, fans also prefer to see their team win. As a result, attendance should increase with ____ in the team’s performance.

Presumably, better teams ____ more than weaker teams.

Thus, improved team quality should translate into ____ wins and therefore increased attendance.

With ____ given set of prices, increased attendance turns into increased revenue from gate receipts, parking, and concessions.

This increased revenue should ____ to higher profit, but it costs more to field a higher-quality team than a lower-quality team.

Consequently, ____ is a trade-off and therefore an optimal level of team quality that will vary from team to team depending on variation in the fan base.