2026 수특 영독연 5강 변형문제 (1~6번)

Cooperation is a ____ of human society.

Not ____ do people behave considerately toward complete strangers, they sometimes make substantial financial and even physical sacrifices for them.

Such behavior seems ____ to explain with classic models of the evolution of altruism where cooperation between unrelated others can arise only when the same individuals interact repeatedly.

However, new models of the evolution of human ____ and the results of experiments to test them suggest that a sense of fairness and other foundations of morality have deep evolutionary roots.

Such models consider processes at the level of groups of individuals, but without relying on the discredited notion of group selection in ____ individuals act “for the good of the group.”

Genes promoting prosocial tendencies in ____ can arise when groups compete in ways argued to be characteristic of the early stages of human evolution.

In particular, such conditions may ____ promoted the evolution of strong reciprocity, a tendency to cooperate with anonymous unrelated others and to punish those who do not do the same even when doing so is costly to the punisher.

____ is a hallmark of human society.

Not merely do people behave ____ toward complete strangers, they sometimes make substantial financial and even physical sacrifices for them.

Such behavior seems impossible to explain with classic models of the evolution of altruism where cooperation between unrelated others can arise ____ when the same individuals interact repeatedly.

However, ____ models of the evolution of human sociality and the results of experiments to test them suggest that a sense of fairness and other foundations of morality have deep evolutionary roots.

Such models ____ processes at the level of groups of individuals, but without relying on the discredited notion of group selection in which individuals act “for the good of the group.”

Genes ____ prosocial tendencies in individuals can arise when groups compete in ways argued to be characteristic of the early stages of human evolution.

In particular, such conditions may have promoted the evolution of strong reciprocity, a tendency to cooperate with ____ unrelated others and to punish those who do not do the same even when doing so is costly to the punisher.

On the one hand, the astonishing success of modern science in predicting and explaining the world seems to justify relying on it and bestowing ____ power to scientific institutions (especially in the form of public funding).

On the other hand, the dominant societal position of science risks marginalizing alternative forms of knowledge ____.

It’s not clear that there still is a fair competition between science and ____ alternatives;

and it’s not straightforward that science has to prove its epistemic superiority in the 21st century in a way comparable to the period of the scientific ____ (16th-18th centuries).

This is Paul Feyerabend’s major argument in Science in a ____ Society, which he casts as: “today science prevails not because of its comparative merits, but because the show has been rigged in its favour.”

So, Feyerabend insists, the fact that science has been the most appropriate means for addressing problems in the past doesn’t warrant that it’s also the most reliable form of knowledge acquisition for our current and future ____.

A hallmark of immigrant parents that has been found across socioeconomic groups and countries of origin is that first-generation immigrant parents place a high ____ on the educational achievement of their adolescent children.

Immigrant parents tend to view earning good grades, finishing high school, and attending ____ as the primary means through which their children can establish themselves in their country of destination.

Compared to native-born parents with similar education levels, immigrant parents have ____ found to have higher educational aspirations for their children.

____ adolescents internalize their parents’ values regarding the importance of education and tend to study more and devote more effort to their schoolwork than do nonimmigrant adolescents.

During adolescence, immigrants’ peer groups often become more segregated from nonimmigrants’ peer groups, with the immigrant adolescents supporting their ____’ academic achievement, particularly for higher SES (socioeconomic status) adolescents.

In public speaking, delivery with little or no preparation is called ____ speaking.

You engage in ____ speaking every day as you communicate thoughts and ideas that spring up in the moment with no preparation or practice whatsoever.

For example, when you answer a ____ in class or speak up during a meeting of a campus organization, you’re using impromptu speaking.

In this respect, impromptu speaking is simply another way to use the basic communication skills you ____ have and use regularly.

Learning how to express yourself on the spot ____ relying on research, extensive preparation, or notes will help you do well in your public speaking class and in less-structured speaking situations beyond the classroom.

In addition, developing your impromptu speaking skills increases your confidence and decreases your speaking ____ in any presentation context.

In principle, there is an intuitively plausible relationship ____ profit and team quality. Fans like to watch exciting games where the outcome is uncertain.

This is a result of competitive balance ____ the opponents.

Tight, hard-fought games are more fun to ____ than lopsided games in which the outcome is never in doubt.

However, fans also prefer to see their team win. As a result, attendance should increase with improvement in the team’s ____.

Presumably, better teams win more ____ weaker teams.

Thus, improved team quality should translate into more wins and therefore ____ attendance.

With a given set of prices, increased attendance ____ into increased revenue from gate receipts, parking, and concessions.

This increased revenue should lead to higher ____, but it costs more to field a higher-quality team than a lower-quality team.

Consequently, there is a trade-off and therefore an optimal level of team quality that will ____ from team to team depending on variation in the fan base.