2025년 9월 고3 모의고사 변형 (30-42번)

What is soft-path ____ engineering?

One way to visualize its spirit is to liken it to a ____ in the forest.

Suppose a tree ____ across a footpath.

A soft-path response would be simply to redirect the ____ around the fallen tree.

A more interventionist response ____ be to remove the tree and restore the original route.

A still more interventionist response might be to straighten and pave the path to insert it more permanently in the ____.

The true high-modernist step would, of course, be to create a superhighway that removes the landscape and bulldozes straight ____ all obstacles in the topography.

Soft-path engineering has the unique advantage of intellectual modesty with respect to ____ we actually know about river movement and its environmental effects.

In contrast to hard-path ____, soft-path engineering accepts variability in the river's movement as significant until proven otherwise.

Backwaters, short-lived wetlands, braids and ____, swamps ─ all undesirable to hard-path engineering ─ are presumed by soft-path engineers to be ecologically important.

What is soft-path river ____?

____ way to visualize its spirit is to liken it to a footpath in the forest.

Suppose a tree ____ across a footpath.

A soft-path response would be simply to ____ the trail around the fallen tree.

A more interventionist response would be to remove the tree and ____ the original route.

A still more interventionist response might be to straighten and ____ the path to insert it more permanently in the landscape.

The true high-modernist ____ would, of course, be to create a superhighway that removes the landscape and bulldozes straight through all obstacles in the topography.

____ engineering has the unique advantage of intellectual modesty with respect to what we actually know about river movement and its environmental effects.

In contrast to hard-path engineering, soft-path engineering accepts ____ in the river's movement as significant until proven otherwise.

Backwaters, short-lived wetlands, braids and channels, swamps ─ all ____ to hard-path engineering ─ are presumed by soft-path engineers to be ecologically important.

We know that animals have evolved a variety of patterns to ____ the perceptions of their predators to afford themselves a modicum of safety.

Greater Bower birds ____ perceptual biases in the mating domain.

Males construct a bower; its function is to provide an ____ in which males display to females standing in an avenue that leads up to the bower.

The males decorate the avenue with a variety of ____, such as stones and shells.

But they do ____ do so in a chaotic manner.

The larger objects are placed closer to the ____ and the smaller objects farther away.

This creates a forced perspective the opposite of the Cinderella Castle; the bower appears ____ than it actually is.

Endler and his colleagues suggested that the male courting in the bower now appears larger and thus more attractive to the ____.

Data on ____ mating success collected in the wild supports their hypothesis.

Although empathy is widely praised by ____ and public figures, not everyone is an empathy booster.

Critics of ____ argue that empathy will not save us from interpersonal and intergroup conflict.

In fact, they argue, ____ makes such conflicts worse.

These critics ____ that empathy can be exhausting and lead to burnout, insensitivity to suffering, or worse.

They argue that we tend to empathize strongly with our in-group and resist empathizing with out-groups, and ____ enjoy the suffering of out-groups in competitive or threatening contexts.

Thus, the prescription for ____ empathy is often counterproductive in cases of conflict.

Empathy, they argue, can further ____ conflict and force us into an us vs. them mentality.

Finally, even when we try to empathize with others who are dissimilar from us or in unfamiliar contexts, sometimes we are unable to accurately ____ with their experiences, causing further misunderstandings and frustration.

Critics of empathy ____ that we should give up on empathy and employ other tools in pursuit of social harmony, e.g., rational compassion or moral emotions like fear, anger, and shame.

Compared to other ____, forests are relatively diverse, but this should not necessarily be a justification for converting nonforests into forests.

Wetlands, meadows, and grasslands have a ____ biota too, even if it is often not as rich as a forest biota.

The ecological problems of this process have been described from a number of places such as Iceland, South ____, and Australia, but the classic example of this comes from Scotland and northern England.

Here the Forestry Commission ____ drained, fertilized, and fenced extensive areas of wetlands to facilitate turning them into forests.

Increasing the extent of forests in Britain is certainly a desirable goal, and most of the ____ Commission's efforts are directed toward sites that were forested before sheep and their keepers came to the island.

However, ____ frequently complain about the Commission's work because it is not restricted to former forest sites, because the forests established are usually composed of exotic trees, and because the wildlife threatened by this activity includes many uncommon species.

When gathering the preferences of ____ agents into one collective choice, it is easily seen that certain cases call for randomization or other means of tiebreaking.

For example, if there are two ____, a and b, and two agents such that one prefers a and the other one b, there is no deterministic way of selecting a single alternative without violating one of two basic fairness conditions known as anonymity and neutrality.

Anonymity requires that the collective choice ____ to be independent of the agents' identities whereas neutrality requires impartiality towards the alternatives.

Allowing lotteries as social outcomes ____ seems like a necessity for impartial collective choice.

Indeed, most common "deterministic" social choice functions such as plurality rule are only deterministic as long as there is no tie, which is usually ____ by drawing a lot.

The use of lotteries for the selection of officials ____ goes back to the world's first democracy in Athens, where it was widely regarded as a principal characteristic of democracy, and has recently gained increasing attention in political science.

All workers need access to mentors that can provide them with valuable information about their job, their ____, and the resources that are available within their organization.

Mentors also ____ much needed psychosocial support.

Having a diverse network of ____ is important for dominant and minority group members alike.

Minority group members need diverse mentors so that they can gain insight ____ what it means to be employed by a particular organization or in a particular field or profession.

Majority workers benefit by having a network of diverse mentors because it increases their understanding and sensitivity to the unique ____ of diverse workers and their own identity, and perhaps even their own forms of privilege.

The ultimate goal of these mentoring opportunities is to have ____ be more informed, identified, and engaged in their work and in their organization.

Traditionally, when teachers teach writing, they assign topics for students to write on; ____ they do a bit of brainstorming about the topic during a pre-writing phase, and then have students write about the topic without interruption.

Subsequently, teachers collect and evaluate ____ students have written.

Such instruction is very 'product-oriented;' ____ is no involvement of the teacher in the act or 'process' of writing.

In process writing, on the other hand, students may initially brainstorm ideas about a topic and begin writing, but then they have repeated conferences with the ____ and the other students, during which they receive feedback on their writing up to that point, make revisions, based on the feedback they receive, and carry on writing.

In this way, students learn to view their ____ as someone else's reading and to improve both the expression of meaning and the form of their writing as they draft and redraft.

Process writing shifts the emphasis in ____ writing from evaluation to revision.

Perhaps at some point you have seen some ____ writing and not understood it.

You would not be the first; rest assured, even ____ mathematicians sometimes have to rely on discussions with colleagues to properly understand problems they are looking at.

But how do you recognise some writing is mathematical in the ____ place?

The complicated notations that might spring to mind ─ all those ____ dashes, squiggles and letters ─ are obvious signs, but a lot of those are really quite modern.

____ had been going on for a long time before the dashes and squiggles were invented.

Put simply, there has to be something ____ going on for us to say that it is mathematics.

And if we are dealing with writing from a very distant past, in a language that is not familiar to us, from a time even before recorded language, that can be sometimes difficult to ____.

It is worth pointing out that leaves don't drop to the ground because they are ____ ─ rather, the tree initiates an active process of clever recycling called senescence.

A tree, like an oak for example, would struggle to survive through a harsh winter if it retained its canopy of ____.

It would risk damage from strong winter winds and would lose more water ____ its leaves than it could draw up from the frozen ground.

If it didn't blow over, it would ____ of thirst.

As winter ____, the length of the day shortens, the temperature drops, and plants, including trees, can detect this change.

It signals to them that it is time to ____ their leaves.

First, however, trees carefully suck all of the useful nutrients out of the ____ and then, with surgical precision, block up that pathway into the leaves.

That ____ pathway at the base of the leaf stem creates a weakness and, in the wind, the leaves snap off and fall to the ground.

____ use evidence in order to understand what happened and why it happened.

In architectural history this evidence may take the form of the buildings themselves or their ____, and documents such as plans, drawings, descriptions, diaries or bills.

Our picture of any period of history is derived from a multitude of sources, such as the paintings, literature, deeds, buildings and other artefacts that ____ survived.

The problem of survival lies at the root of many of the historian's problems, for what has survived may not necessarily be more significant than what has ____ survived.

The Egyptian pyramids have ____ thousands of years, but historical significance is not just a question of durability.

These buildings were part of a rich and ____ culture, much of which has been lost.

They are historical facts, but facts by themselves, even such massive facts as the pyramids, are just the first ____ in any historical study, and until they have been evaluated, placed in context and interpreted, they tell us little.

Different historians may place different values on the same facts, and the ____ of new evidence may modify or change existing theories and interpretations.

In most fiction, characters' lives are limited to the individual ____.

Readers may disagree on the characteristics and traits of fictional figures, and in drama ____ is room for different interpretations of characters.

However, it is less common for characters in literary fiction to reappear in subsequent works than in genre fiction, where series featuring the ____ central characters are common.

This is even more pronounced in comics, which are typically serialized in newspaper strips or comic ____.

Thus characters introduced in the 1930s, like Superman and Batman, ____ still enjoy new adventures decades later.

During ____ characters' long histories, they change in various ways for a variety of reasons.

If a character is created by a single author, like Sherlock Holmes, the character's core traits may ____ little from story to story, but readers learn more about him with each successive story.

On the other hand, if characters are the work of ____ hands over decades, they may change considerably.

While characters in most literary fiction hardly ever feature in successive works, those in genre fiction and comics often do so, and may ____ transformation in their traits especially when written about by different authors over time.

While social presence ____ evolved through many iterations since its first development within the context of the landline telephone, the perception or feeling of being connected with the other person within the context of the conversation has persisted.

Some research has explored specific technologies and the extent to which their characteristics lead to a ____ of social presence.

For example, some researchers have studied the "____" of the media, or the number of cues available to convey social presence.

A telephone call, which ____ for audio cues and immediate feedback, is potentially richer than an email, which provides only textual cues and no immediate feedback.

Videoconferencing would be considered richer than the phone because of the addition of visual cues, ____ it closer to replicating a perceived gold standard of face-to-face, in-person social presence.

Researchers ____ suggested that successful managers would choose rich media for confusing or ambiguous messages and lean or less rich media for messages that were more routine in nature.

For example, if you wanted to discuss a complicated client agreement, it would be best to choose a ____ meeting.

In contrast, if you were going to inform your team about a change in meeting time from 3:00 to 3:30, you ____ send out a generic email to everyone.

These different channels of communication were considered by researchers as a type of container that the message ____ in.

To be a good communicator, ____ need to choose the right container.